Nanoemulsion Formulations for Herbal Extracts: Development and Characterization of Jatropha Curcas Root Extract Nanoemulsion/Nanoemulgel for Topical Delivery

Abstract

This review fills a major research vacuum where previous nanoformulations have mostly concentrated on leaf or seed extracts by presenting the first thorough investigation of nanoemulgel as an innovative topical delivery platform particularly designed for Jatropha curcas root extract. Higher concentrations of diterpenoids (such as jatrophol and marmesin derivatives), phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins are among the distinctive phytochemical profiles of Jatropha curcas root extracts that set them apart from aerial parts. These compounds have strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and possibly wound-healing properties.

Using virgin coconut oil or medium-chain triglycerides as the oil phase, a surfactant mixture of Tween 80 and Span 80, and Carbopol 940 as the gelling agent, the formulation strategy uses high-energy ultrasonication to create oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing J. curcas root extract (optimized at 8–12% w/w). By producing stable nanoemulgels with droplet sizes less than 150 nm, PDI less than 0.25, and zeta potential values more than -25 mV, this method facilitates better skin penetration and regulated release of bioactives specific to roots via the stratum corneum.

In order to ensure a non-greasy texture and extended skin retention, physical characterisation highlights criteria that are essential for root extract compatibility, such as pH (5.8–6.4), viscosity (75–95 cP), outstanding spreadability (>6.0 cm), and pseudoplastic rheological behavior. The protective gel matrix and synergistic antioxidant effects of root phytoconstituents are responsible for the remarkable robustness shown in stability studies under accelerated conditions (40°C/75% RH), thermal cycling, and long-term storage, with minimal changes in droplet size, drug content, and organoleptic properties.

Jatropha curcas root extract's bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency are improved by this nanoemulgel method, which also lessens drawbacks such the chemicals' poor aqueous solubility and oxidative degradation. The review emphasizes the uniqueness of developing root-focused nanoemulgels and promotes their potential for targeted treatment of microbial infections, inflammation, and chronic skin diseases. Comparative research between roots and leaves, in vivo penetration, and the clinical application of this novel herbal nanomedicine are future directions.