A Comprehensive Review on Amoxicilin and Clavulanic Acid as Potential Antibacterial Agent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i4.1144Keywords:
Suspensions, dry Powder, clavulanic acid, amoxicillinAbstract
Suspensions comprise finely divided medication particles (the suspensoid) spread uniformly in a vehicle with or without stabilisers and other ingredients. Conventional oral suspension is ready-to-use and does not require reconstitution. Dry syrup is more bioavailable than tablets and capsules because it dissolves in water outside the mouth and enters the GI tract. GIT absorbs suspension quickly: Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been used since the 1970s. Despite having the same half-life as amoxicillin, clavulanic acid is protein-bound and heat unstable. It causes gastrointestinal side effects, including Clostridium difficile infection, and restricts amoxicillin oral combination doses. Due to clavulanic acid's b-lactamase tendency, the first amoxicillineclavulanic acid ratio was 4:1; currently it's 2:1, 7:1, 14:1, and 16:1. Few ratio comparisons exist. Amoxicillineclavulanic acid is often used as empiric therapy for WHO's Priority Infectious Syndromes in adults and children, resulting in large consumption. Some of these syndromes may be handled with a delayed antibiotic prescription approach or amoxicillin alone.
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31. Kumar, Roshan, and Purabi Saha. "A Review on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Improve Cancer Management and Drug Discovery." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, (2022); 9(3):149-156.
32. Kumar, S., S. P. Yadav, G. Chandra, D. S. Sahu, R. Kumar, P. S. Maurya, D. K. Yadav, V. JaiswaL, and K. Ranjan. "Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance and hemato-biochemical status of broilers." (2019): 15-19.
33. Mukkamala, Ramesh, Roshan Kumar, Sanjay K. Banerjee, and Indrapal Singh Aidhen. "Synthesis of Benzyl C‐Analogues of Dapagliflozin as Potential SGLT2 Inhibitors." European Journal of Organic Chemistry , (2020); 20:1828-1839.
34. Anubhav, Saha Purabi Dubey, Kumar Dr Sanjay, and Kumar Roshan. "Evaluation of Enzyme Producing K. Pneumoniae and Their Susceptibility to Other Anti-Biotics." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2020 7(5): 351-353.
35. Saha, P., Kumar, A., Bhanja, J., Shaik, R., Kawale, A. L., & Kumar, R. (2022). A Review of Immune Blockade Safety and Antitumor Activity of Dostarlimab Therapy in Endometrial Cancer. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology,2022; 9(3):201-209.
36. Kumar, Roshan, E. Keshamma, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Purabi Saha, Utkarsh Trivedi, Anurag Chourasia, and Mihir Otia. "Alkaloid Based Chemical Constituents of Ocimum santum & Cinchona Bark: A Meta Analysis." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology (2022); 1(2):35-42.
37. Singh, Yogendra, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Roshan Kumar, Mihir Kedarbhai Otia, Smita Acharya, Devinder Kumar, and E. Keshamma. "Plant & Its Derivative Shows Therapeutic Activity on Neuroprotective Effect." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (2022): 10-24.
38. Richard Owusu Nyarko, R. Roopini, Velicharla Raviteja, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Roshan Kumar, Erwin Martinez Faller, Elrey Librea Navarro, Edward Boateng, Ivan Kahwa, Paul Owusu Boateng, Christian Asum, and Purabi Saha. 2022. “Novel Sars-CoV-2 Variants & Therapeutic Effects”. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2022; 1(2):25-34. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.2.3.
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40. Finn A, Straughn A, Meyer M, Chubb J: Effect of dose and food on the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil. Biopharm Drug Dispos 8: 1987, 519-526.
41. Mackay J, Mackie AE, Palmer JL, et al.: Investigations into the mechanism for the improved oral systemic bioavailability of cefuroxime from cefuroxime axetil when taken after food. Br J Clin Pharm 33:226 1992, P-227P.
42. Foord RD: Cefuroxime: Human pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1976; 9:741-747.
43. Perry CM, Brogden RN: Cefuroxime axetilmA review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1996; 52:25-158.
44. Konishi K, Suzuki H, Hayashi M, Saruta T: Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in patients with normal and impaired renal function. J Antimicrob Chemother ,1993; 31:413-420.
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46. McEvoy GK, Litvak K, Welsh OH (eds): Cefuroxime axetil (monograph). In: American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health System Pharmacist, 1997 pp 173-181
47. Neu HC, Fu KP: Cefuroxime, a [3-1actamase resistance cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of gram positive and negative activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 657-664, 1978.
48. Bradley JS, Kaplan SL, Klugman KP, Leggiadro RJ: Consensus: Management of infections in children caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14: 1995, 1037- 1041,.
49. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS: Antimicrobial agents. In: Infectious Diseases of Female Genital Tract. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, pp 680-689
50. Vogel F, Droszcz W, Vondra V, Reisenberg K, Marr C, Staley H. Sequential therapy with cefuroxime followed by cefuroxime axetil in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40(6):863-7
2. Karlović K, Nikolić J, Arapović J. Ceftriaxone treatment of complicated urinary tract infections as a risk factor for enterococcal re-infection and prolonged hospitalization: A 6-year retrospective study. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2018 Nov 07;18(4):361-366
3. Akhavan BJ, Khanna NR, Vijhani P. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Aug 17, 2021. Amoxicillin
4. Kumar, Roshan, and Purabi Saha. "A Review on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Improve Cancer Management and Drug Discovery." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2022; 9(3):149-156.
5. Awuchi, Chinaza Godswill, Ikechukwu Otuosorochi Amagwula, Priyanka Priya, Roshan Kumar, Umama Yezdani, and Mohammad Gayoor Khan. "Aflatoxins in foods and feeds: A review on health implications, detection, and control." Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci (2020); 9 :149-155.
6. Umama, Yezdani, G. Venkatajah, Rav Shourabh, Roshan Kumar, Arvind Verma, Ayush Kumar, and Md Khan Gayoor. "Topic-The scenario of pharmaceuticals and development of microwave as; sisted extraction technique." World J Pharm Pharm Sci ,(2019); 7(8): 1260-1271.
7. Kumar, Roshan, Purabi Saha, Priya Lokare, Kunal Datta, P. Selvakumar, and Anurag Chourasia. "A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology (2022); 9(2): 221-226.
8. Roshan, Kumar. "Priya damwani, Shivam kumar, Adarsh suman, Suthar Usha. An overview on health benefits and risk factor associated with coffee." International Journal Research and Analytical Review, (2020); 7(2): 237-249.
9. Sahana, Soumitra. "Purabi saha, Roshan kumar, Pradipta das, Indranil Chatterjee, Prasit Roy, Sk Abdur Rahamat." A Review of the 2019 Corona virus (COVID-19) World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical science, (2020); 9(2): 2367-2381.
10. Bind, Amit, Saumya Das, Veena D. Singh, Roshan Kumar, Anurag Chourasia, and Purabi Saha. "Natural Bioactives For The Potential Management Of Gastric Ulceration." Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation 32, no. 3.
11. Dubey, Anubhav, Priyanka Yadav, Preeti Verma, and Roshan Kumar. "Investigation of Proapoptotic Potential of Ipomoea carnea Leaf Extract on Breast Cancer Cell Line." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, (2022); 12(1): 51-55.
12. Kumar, Roshan, and Anubhav Dubey. "Phytochemical Investication And Heptoprotective Evalution Acacia Rubica Extract Isonized And Paracetamol Indused Animal Toxicity." Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation 32, no. 3.
13. Saha, Purabi, Roshan Kumar, Richard Owusu Nyarko, Ivan Kahwa, and Paul Owusu. "Herbal Secondary Metabolite For Gastro-Protective Ulcer Activity With Api Structures." (2021).
14. Nyarko, Richard Owusu, Amit Prakash, Nayan Kumar, Purabi Saha, and Roshan Kumar. "Tuberculosis a globalized disease." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (2021); 9(1):198-201.
15. Raj, A., S. Tyagi, R. Kumar, A. Dubey, and A. C. Hourasia. "Effect of isoproterenol and thyroxine in herbal drug used as cardiac hypertrophy." Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research (2021): 204-217.
16. Singh, Mukesh Kr, Ajay Kumar, Roshan Kumar, P. Satheesh Kumar, P. Selvakumar, and Anurag Chourasia. "Effects of Repeated Deep Frying on Refractive Index and Peroxide Value of Selected Vegetable Oils." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology (2022); 9(3): 28-31.
17. Sahana, Soumitra. "Roshan kumar, Sourav nag, Reshmi paul, Nilayan guha, Indranil Chatterjee. A Review on Alzheimer disease and future prospects." World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical science 9, no. 9 (2020): 1276-1285.
18. Nyarko, Richard Owusu, Roshan Kumar, Shaina Sharma, Anurag Chourasia, Ayushmann Roy, and Purabi Saha. "Antibacterial Activity Of Herbal Plant-Tinospora Cordifolia And Catharnthus Roseus." (2022).
19. Sahana, Soumitra, Roshan Kumar, Sourav Nag, Reshmi Paul, Indranil Chatterjee, and Nilayan Guha. "A Review On Alzheimer Disease And Future Prospects." (2020).
20. Nyarko, R. O., P. Saha, R. Kumar, I. Kahwa, E. A. Boateng, P. O. Boateng, A. Christian, and A. Bertram. "Role of Cytokines and Vaccines in Break through COVID 19 Infections." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 33 (2021): 2544-2549.
21. Purabisaha, Roshan Kumar, Shrestha Sarkar3 Nikita Rawat, And Amit Prakash. "A Review On Novel Drug Delivery System." (2021).
22. Nyarko, Richard Owusu, Edward Boateng, Ivan Kahwa, and Paul Owusu Boateng. "A comparison analysis on remdesivir, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A Review." World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci,(2020); 9:121-133.
23. Nyarko, R. O., E. Boateng, I. Kahwa, P. O. Boateng, and B. Asare. "The impact on public health and economy using lockdown as a tool against COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a perspective." J Epidemiol Public Health Rev 5, no. 3 (2020).
24. Kumar, Roshan, Purabi Saha, Shrestha Sarkar, Nikita Rawat, And Amit Prakash. "A Review On Novel Drug Delivery System." IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) (2021); 8(1):183-199.
25. Kumar, Roshan, Purabi Saha, Priyatosh Pathak, Ramayani Mukherjee, Abhishek Kumar, and Rakesh Kumar Arya. "Evolution Of Tolbutamide In The Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus." Jour. of Med. P’ceutical & Alli. Sci 9.
26. Kumar, Roshan, Purabi Saha, Yogendra Kumar, Soumitra Sahana, Anubhav Dubey, and Om Prakash. "A Review on Diabetes Mellitus: Type1 & Type2." World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, (2020); 9(10):838-850.
27. Daharia, Anju, Vinod Kumar Jaiswal, Kabya Pratap Royal, Himanshu Sharma, Anuj Kumar Joginath, Roshan Kumar, and Purabi Saha. "A Comparative review on ginger and garlic with their pharmacological Action." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2022): 65-69.
28. Kumar R, Jain A, Tripathi AK, Tyagi S. Covid-19 outbreak: An epidemic analysis using time series prediction model. In2021 11th international conference on cloud computing, data science & engineering (Confluence) 2021 Jan 28 (pp. 1090-1094). IEEE.
29. KUMAR, AYUSH. "The Scenario of Pharmaceuticals and Development of Microwave Assisted Extraction Techniques." (2019).
30. Saha, Purabi, Richard Owusu Nyarko, Priya Lokare, Ivan Kahwa, Paul Owusu Boateng, and Christian Asum. "Effect of Covid-19 in Management of Lung Cancer Disease: A Review." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development,(2022); 10(3):58-64.
31. Kumar, Roshan, and Purabi Saha. "A Review on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Improve Cancer Management and Drug Discovery." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, (2022); 9(3):149-156.
32. Kumar, S., S. P. Yadav, G. Chandra, D. S. Sahu, R. Kumar, P. S. Maurya, D. K. Yadav, V. JaiswaL, and K. Ranjan. "Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance and hemato-biochemical status of broilers." (2019): 15-19.
33. Mukkamala, Ramesh, Roshan Kumar, Sanjay K. Banerjee, and Indrapal Singh Aidhen. "Synthesis of Benzyl C‐Analogues of Dapagliflozin as Potential SGLT2 Inhibitors." European Journal of Organic Chemistry , (2020); 20:1828-1839.
34. Anubhav, Saha Purabi Dubey, Kumar Dr Sanjay, and Kumar Roshan. "Evaluation of Enzyme Producing K. Pneumoniae and Their Susceptibility to Other Anti-Biotics." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2020 7(5): 351-353.
35. Saha, P., Kumar, A., Bhanja, J., Shaik, R., Kawale, A. L., & Kumar, R. (2022). A Review of Immune Blockade Safety and Antitumor Activity of Dostarlimab Therapy in Endometrial Cancer. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology,2022; 9(3):201-209.
36. Kumar, Roshan, E. Keshamma, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Purabi Saha, Utkarsh Trivedi, Anurag Chourasia, and Mihir Otia. "Alkaloid Based Chemical Constituents of Ocimum santum & Cinchona Bark: A Meta Analysis." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology (2022); 1(2):35-42.
37. Singh, Yogendra, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Roshan Kumar, Mihir Kedarbhai Otia, Smita Acharya, Devinder Kumar, and E. Keshamma. "Plant & Its Derivative Shows Therapeutic Activity on Neuroprotective Effect." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (2022): 10-24.
38. Richard Owusu Nyarko, R. Roopini, Velicharla Raviteja, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi, Roshan Kumar, Erwin Martinez Faller, Elrey Librea Navarro, Edward Boateng, Ivan Kahwa, Paul Owusu Boateng, Christian Asum, and Purabi Saha. 2022. “Novel Sars-CoV-2 Variants & Therapeutic Effects”. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2022; 1(2):25-34. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.2.3.
39. Kumar, Roshan, E. Keshamma, Shravan Kumar Paswan, Purabi Saha, Utkarsh Trivedi, Anurag Chourasia, and Mihir Otia. "Alkaloid Based Chemical Constituents of Ocimum santum & Cinchona Bark: A Meta Analysis." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology (2022); 1(2):35-42.
40. Finn A, Straughn A, Meyer M, Chubb J: Effect of dose and food on the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil. Biopharm Drug Dispos 8: 1987, 519-526.
41. Mackay J, Mackie AE, Palmer JL, et al.: Investigations into the mechanism for the improved oral systemic bioavailability of cefuroxime from cefuroxime axetil when taken after food. Br J Clin Pharm 33:226 1992, P-227P.
42. Foord RD: Cefuroxime: Human pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1976; 9:741-747.
43. Perry CM, Brogden RN: Cefuroxime axetilmA review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1996; 52:25-158.
44. Konishi K, Suzuki H, Hayashi M, Saruta T: Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in patients with normal and impaired renal function. J Antimicrob Chemother ,1993; 31:413-420.
45. Glaxo Wellcome, Inc.: Cefuroxime Axetil. Package Insert. Research Triangle Park, NC: Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., 1995.
46. McEvoy GK, Litvak K, Welsh OH (eds): Cefuroxime axetil (monograph). In: American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health System Pharmacist, 1997 pp 173-181
47. Neu HC, Fu KP: Cefuroxime, a [3-1actamase resistance cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of gram positive and negative activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 13: 657-664, 1978.
48. Bradley JS, Kaplan SL, Klugman KP, Leggiadro RJ: Consensus: Management of infections in children caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14: 1995, 1037- 1041,.
49. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS: Antimicrobial agents. In: Infectious Diseases of Female Genital Tract. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, pp 680-689
50. Vogel F, Droszcz W, Vondra V, Reisenberg K, Marr C, Staley H. Sequential therapy with cefuroxime followed by cefuroxime axetil in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40(6):863-7
Published
2022-08-14
How to Cite
Jeet, K., Kumar, S., Singh, G., Jaswal, R., Kumar, D., & Thakur, A. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Amoxicilin and Clavulanic Acid as Potential Antibacterial Agent. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 10(4), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i4.1144
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