Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts Used Against Cognitive Dysfunction and Memory Loss in Sri Lankan Traditional Medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i5.437Keywords:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, Ellman’s method, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, NO assay, TBA acid methodAbstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity in the selected Sri Lankan medicinal plants. AChE inhibitory activity of the selected medicinal plant extracts was determined using the Ellman’s method. The antioxidant activities were determined by four in vitro methods namely DPPH assay, FRAP assay, NO assay and TBA acid method. The contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were determined quantitatively.Out of the ten selected medicinal plant extracts Abrus precatorius, Centella asiatica, Strychnos nux-vomica and Ricinus communis showed IC50 values < 200 µg/mL for AChE inhibitory activity. A high antioxidant activity was shown in the extracts of Cardiosprmum halicacabum, Centella asiatica and Ricinus communis in the four selected antioxidant assays. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content was in the range of 0.55-7.30 mg/g DW and 19.08±0.29-1283.08± 0.09 µg/gDW. The extracts of A. precatorius, C. asiatica, S. nux-vomica and R. communis are deserved to be as potent sources of AChE inhibitors as well as natural antioxidants. Considering the complex multifactorial etiology of Alzheimer's diseases, these plant extracts would be apt candidates for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents in the management of Alzheimer's diseases.
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References
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33. Moneim AE. Oxidant/Antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Cur Alzheimer Res. 2015;12(4):335-49.
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38. Uddini N, Afrin R , Uddin MJ, Uddin J, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, et al. Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: Identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant. BMC Complement Altern Med Article. 2015;195.
39. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Houghton PJ. Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytother Res. 2007;21(12):1142-5.
40. Orhan IE. Centellaasiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2012;946259.
41. Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143-52.
42. Sarikurkcu C, Uren MC, Tepe B, Cengiz M, Kocak MS. Phlomisarmeniaca: phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Ind Crops Prod. 2015;78:95-101.
43. Oyedemi SO, Bradley G, Folayan AJA. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of StrychonoshenningsiiGilg. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;4(2):70-8.
44. Sharma S, Vig AP. Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of Parkinsoniaaculeata Linn. Biomed Res Int. 2014;756184.
45. Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK. Pharmacological Review on Centellaasiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(5):546-56.
46. Siow LF, Hui YH. Comparison on the antioxidant properties of fresh and convection oven-dried guava (Psidiumguajava L.). Int Food Res J. 2013;20(2):639-44.
47. Boonsong K, Kusirisin W, Jaikang C, Sermpanich N. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of Thai medicinal plants. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2015;11(2):99-104.
48. Sadashiva CT, Naidoo Y, Naidoo JR, Kalicharan B, Naidoo G. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of three species of the family Lamiaceae. Bangl J Bot. 2014;43(3):331-5.
49. Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW , Pathirana Cand. Mudduwa LKB. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant potentials of extracts of ten medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Sri Lanka. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;12(4):28-33.
50. Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW . Evaluation of antioxidant properties of 20 medicinal plant extracts traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine in Sri Lanka. Indian J Tradit Know. 2016;15(1):50-6.
51. Shahwar D, Rehman S, Ahmad N, Ullah S, Raza MA. Antioxidant activities of the selected plants from the family Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae and Balsaminaceae. J Biotechnol. 2010;9(7):1086-96.
52. Murray AP, Faraoni M.B, Castro MJ, Alza NP, Cavallaro V. Natural AChE inhibitors from plants and their contribution to Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;1(4):388-413.
53. Colovic MB, Krstic DZ, Lazarevic-Pasti TD, Bondzic AM, Vasic VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;11(3):315-335.
54. Nasir MN, Abdullah J, Habsah M, Ghani RI, Rammes G. Inhibitory effect of asiatic acid on acetylcholinesterase, excitatory post synaptic potential and locomotor activity. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(3-4):311-6
2. Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J,Borges F. Alzheimer’s disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: From natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;15:116-45.
3. Citron M. Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(5):387-98.
4. Brodaty H, Breteler MM, Dekosky ST. The world of dementia beyond 2020. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):923-7.
5. Wu YT, Beiser AS, Breteler MMB. The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time - current evidence. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13:327-39.
6. Aarsland D, Creese B, Politis M, Chaudhuri KR, Ffytche DH, Weintraub D, et al. Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017; 13:217-31.
7. Ittner LM, Gotz G. Amyloid-β and tau - a toxic pas de deux in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(2):67-72.
8. Palop JJ,Mucke LL. Network abnormalities and interneuron dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(12):777-92.
9. Jack CR, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ. Petersen RC, Weiner MW, Aisen PS. et al. Update on hypothetical model of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. The Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):207-16.
10. Krstic D, Knuesel I. Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(1):25-34.
11. Howes MJ, Perry NS, Houghton PJ. Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Phytother Res. 17(1):1-18.
12. Chopra K, Misra S, Kuhad A. Current perspectives on pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(3):335-50.
13. Godyn J, Jonczyk J, Panek D, Malawska B. Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease in clinical trials. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68(1):127-38.
14. Murray AP, Faraoni MB, Castro MJ, Alza NP, Cavallaro V. Natural AChE inhibitors from plants and their contribution to Alzheimer’s disease Therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;11(4):388-413.
15. Tundis R, Bonesi M, Menichini F, Loizzo MR. Recent knowledge on medicinal plants as source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of dementia. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2016;16(8):605-18.
16. Saeedi M, Babaie K, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Vazirian M, Akbarzadeh T, Khanavi M. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some plants used in Iranian traditional medicine. Nat Prod Res. 2017;6:1-5.
17. Fischer R, Maier O. Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: Role of TNF. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015; 610813.
18. Pisoschi AM, Pop A. The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 2015;97:55-74.
19. Pinho BR, Ferreres F, Valentao P, Andrade PB. Nature as a source of metabolites with cholinesterase-inhibitory activity: an approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;65(12):1681-700.
20. Jayaweera DMA. Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon. 2nd edition Sri Lanka: National Science Foundation in Sri Lanka; 1982.
21. Mathew M, Subramanian S. In vitro screening for anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PloS One. 2014;9(1):86804.
22. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres Jr V, Featherstone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;7:88-95.
23. Dzoyem JP, Eloff, JN. Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of twelve plants used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammation in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;160:194-201.
24. Brands Williams W, Cuveilier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 1995;28(1):25-30.
25. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version of simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods Enzymol. 1999;299:15-27.
26. Marcocci I, Maguire JJ, Droy –Lefix MT, Packer I. The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkobiloba extract EGB 761. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;201(2):748-55.
27. Ottolenghi. Interaction of ascorbic acid and mitochondria lipids. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1969;79:355-65.
28. Ainsworth EA, Gillespie KM. Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nat Protoc. 2007; 2(4): 875-7.
29. Koksal E, Gulcin L. Antioxidant Activity of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.). Turk J Agric For. 2008;32:65-78.
30. Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 2002;10(3):178-82.
31. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacology. London: Bailliere Tindall Ltd; 1978.
32. Liu W, Lang M, Youdim MB, Amit T, Sun Y, Zhang Z. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dual monoamine-cholinesterase inhibitors as potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2016;109:376-85.
33. Moneim AE. Oxidant/Antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Cur Alzheimer Res. 2015;12(4):335-49.
34. Piemontese L. Plant Food Supplements with antioxidant properties for the treatment of chronic and neurodegenerative diseases: Benefits or risks. J Diet Suppl. 2017;14(4):478-84.
35. Dey A, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee A, Pandey DK. Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv. 2017;35(2):178-216.
36. Islam MA, Khandker SS, Alam F, Khalil MI, Kamal MA, Gan SH. Alzheimer's disease and natural products: Future regimens emerging from nature. Curr Top Med Chem. 2017; 17(12):1408-28.
37. Sarikurkcu C, Ozer MS, Tepe B, Olcay E, Ceylan O, et al. Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of acetone, methanol and water extracts of Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare L. Ind Crops Prod. 2015;76:961-6.
38. Uddini N, Afrin R , Uddin MJ, Uddin J, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, et al. Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: Identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant. BMC Complement Altern Med Article. 2015;195.
39. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Houghton PJ. Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytother Res. 2007;21(12):1142-5.
40. Orhan IE. Centellaasiatica (L.) Urban: From traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2012;946259.
41. Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143-52.
42. Sarikurkcu C, Uren MC, Tepe B, Cengiz M, Kocak MS. Phlomisarmeniaca: phenolic compounds, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Ind Crops Prod. 2015;78:95-101.
43. Oyedemi SO, Bradley G, Folayan AJA. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of StrychonoshenningsiiGilg. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;4(2):70-8.
44. Sharma S, Vig AP. Preliminary phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activities of Parkinsoniaaculeata Linn. Biomed Res Int. 2014;756184.
45. Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK. Pharmacological Review on Centellaasiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(5):546-56.
46. Siow LF, Hui YH. Comparison on the antioxidant properties of fresh and convection oven-dried guava (Psidiumguajava L.). Int Food Res J. 2013;20(2):639-44.
47. Boonsong K, Kusirisin W, Jaikang C, Sermpanich N. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of Thai medicinal plants. Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2015;11(2):99-104.
48. Sadashiva CT, Naidoo Y, Naidoo JR, Kalicharan B, Naidoo G. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of three species of the family Lamiaceae. Bangl J Bot. 2014;43(3):331-5.
49. Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW , Pathirana Cand. Mudduwa LKB. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant potentials of extracts of ten medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Sri Lanka. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;12(4):28-33.
50. Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW . Evaluation of antioxidant properties of 20 medicinal plant extracts traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine in Sri Lanka. Indian J Tradit Know. 2016;15(1):50-6.
51. Shahwar D, Rehman S, Ahmad N, Ullah S, Raza MA. Antioxidant activities of the selected plants from the family Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae and Balsaminaceae. J Biotechnol. 2010;9(7):1086-96.
52. Murray AP, Faraoni M.B, Castro MJ, Alza NP, Cavallaro V. Natural AChE inhibitors from plants and their contribution to Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;1(4):388-413.
53. Colovic MB, Krstic DZ, Lazarevic-Pasti TD, Bondzic AM, Vasic VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;11(3):315-335.
54. Nasir MN, Abdullah J, Habsah M, Ghani RI, Rammes G. Inhibitory effect of asiatic acid on acetylcholinesterase, excitatory post synaptic potential and locomotor activity. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(3-4):311-6
Published
2018-10-18
How to Cite
Attanayake, A. P., & Jayatilaka, K. A. P. W. (2018). Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts Used Against Cognitive Dysfunction and Memory Loss in Sri Lankan Traditional Medicine. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 6(5), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i5.437
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