Acute Toxicity Study and Anti-Nociceptive Activity of Ethanol Extract of Aesculus Indica Seeds on Experimental Animal Models
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.986Keywords:
Anti-nociceptive, Acute toxicity, Aesculus indica, Phytochemical screening.Abstract
Aesculus indica, widely known as the horse chestnut tree, has long been used as antiangiogenic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral and antifungal. Ttraditionally it has been used as medicine for the treatment of skin diseases, rheumatism and different pain conditions. The current study was undertaken to investigate possible effects of ethanol extract of seeds of plant in experimentally produced pain in animals because there were no scientific publications on the use of Aesculus indica seeds for anti-nociceptive activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, Saponins, and phenolic substances in the extract. The OECD guideline 423 was followed for acute toxicity testing.At a dose of 2000 mg/kg, the extract was confirmed to be safe. The anti-nociceptive effect of three distinct dose levels of extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) was tested in Swiss albino mice using a hot plate, tail immersion test, and acetic acid induced writhing. Extract had strong anti-nociceptive efficacy (P < 0.001) in a hot plate test. The extract significantly increased the tail withdrawal reaction in the tail immersion test (P < 0.001).The extract considerably reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid writhing test (P < 0.001). The findings indicate that the extract has substantial anti-nociceptive effect.
Downloads
References
2. Kulkarni YA, Agarwal S, Garud MS. Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015;6(2):82–8.
3. Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75(2):125–31.
4. National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines Report of a WHO global survey World Health Organization. World Health. 2005;(May).
5. Filho AW, Filho VC, Olinger L, De Souza MM. Quercetin: Further investigation of its antinociceptive properties and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31(6):713–21.
6. De Melo GO, Malvar D do C, Vanderlinde FA, Rocha FF, Pires PA, Costa EA, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory kaempferol glycosides from Sedum dendroideum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124(2):228–32.
7. DalBó S, Jürgensen S, Horst H, Ruzza ÂA, Soethe DN, Santos ARS, et al. Antinociceptive effect of proanthocyanidins from Croton celtidifolius bark† . J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;57(6):765–71.
8. Lenardão EJ, Savegnago L, Jacob RG, Victoria FN, Martinez DM. Antinociceptive effect of essential oils and their constituents: An update review. J Braz Chem Soc. 2016;27(3):435–74.
9. Chakraborthy GS. Antioxidant Activity of the Successive Extracts of Aesculus indica Leaves. 2009;1(May 2008):121–3.
10. Li Q, Ouyang H, Wang P, Zeng W. The antinociceptive effect of intrathecal escin in the rat formalin test. Eur J Pharmacol [Internet]. 2012;674(2–3):234–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.025
11. Firdoos S, Khan AU, Ali F. Pharmacological investigation of aesculus indica aqueous-ethanol extract for its anti-nociceptive action. J Anim Plant Sci. 2018;28(2):610–5.
12. Tiwari P, Gupta R. Preliminary phytochemical screening of bark ( powder ) extracts of Ficus religiosa ( peepal ) plant. 2020;9(June):1–6.
13. Richardson PM, Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods. Brittonia. 1985;37(3):309.
14. OECD. Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method. Oecd Guidel Test Chem [Internet]. 2002;(December):1–14. Available from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-423-acute-oral-toxicity-acute-toxic-class-method_9789264071001-en
15. Hock FJ. Drug discovery and evaluation: Pharmacological assays, fourth edition. Drug Discov Eval Pharmacol Assay, Fourth Ed. 2015;49(0).
16. Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced infl ammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–7.
17. Huang GJ, Chang HY, Sheu MJ, Yang CH, Lu TC, Chang YS, et al. Analgesic effects and the mechanisms of anti-inflammation of hispolon in mice. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2011;2011.
18. Ahmed S, Naved A, Khan RA, Siddiqui S. Analgesic Activities of Methanol Extract of <i>Terminalia chebula</i> Fruit. Pharmacol & Pharm. 2015;06(12):547–53.
19. Ramabadran K, Bansinath M, Turndorf H, Puig MM. Tail immersion test for the evaluation of a nociceptive reaction in mice. Methodological considerations. J Pharmacol Methods. 1989;21(1):21–31.
20. Saha S, Guria T, Singha T, Maity TK. Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chloroform and Methanol Extracts of Centella asiatica Linn . ISRN Pharmacol. 2013;2013(124):1–6.
21. Gami B, Parabia MH. Pharmacognostic evaluation of bark and seeds of Mimusops elengi L. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010;2(SUPPL. 4):110–3.
22. Cheeke PR. Nutritional And Physiological Implications Of Saponins: A Revievt. 1971;632(2966):621–32.
23. Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N. Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity, and determination of bioactive components from leaves of aegle marmelos. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014.
24. Kim WJ, Kang H, Choi GJ, Shin HY, Baek CW, Jung YH, et al. Antihyperalgesic effects of ginseng total saponins in a rat model of incisional pain. J Surg Res [Internet]. 2014;187(1):169–75. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.09.034
25. Frankel EN. Nutritional Benefits of Flavonoids. Food Factors Cancer Prev. 1997;(8):613–6.
26. Magadula JJ, Erasto P. Bioactive natural products derived from the East African flora. Nat Prod Rep. 2009;26(12):1535–54.
27. Rivière C, Hong VNT, Pieters L, Dejaegher B, Heyden Y Vander, Van MC, et al. Polyphenols isolated from antiradical extracts of Mallotus metcalfianus. Phytochemistry [Internet]. 2009;70(1):86–94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.10.008
28. Singh S, Majumdar DK. Analgesic activity of ocimum sanctum and its possible mechanism of action. Pharm Biol. 1995;33(3):188–92.
29. Besra SE, Sharma RM, Gomes A. Antiinflammatory effect of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Litchi chinensis Gaertn. (Sapindaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;54(1):1–6.
30. Ibironke GF, Ajiboye KI. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides leaf extract in rats. Int J Pharmacol. 2007;3(1):111–5.
31. Arslan R, Bektas N. Evaluation of the Centrally-Acting Mechanisms of Some Non- Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Am J Pharm Heal Res. 2015;3(6):191–202.
32. Arslan R, Bektas N, Ozturk Y. Antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of fruits of Capparis ovata in mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2010;131(1):28–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.060
33. Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Delevallée F, Flahaut M. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;61(1):17–24.
34. Wolf S, Dayton B. Use of Writhing Test for Evaluating Analgelsic Activity of Narootic Antagonists. Prog Drug Res. 1965;71:763–6.
35. Shang X, Wang J, Li M, Miao X, Pan H, Yang Y, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Phlomis umbrosa Turcz extract. Fitoterapia [Internet]. 2011;82(4):716–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.001
36. Czeschik JC, Hagenacker T, Schäfers M, Büsselberg D. TNF-α differentially modulates ion channels of nociceptive neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2008;434(3):293–8.
37. Ikeda Y, Ueno A, Naraba H, Oh-Ishi S. Involvement of vanilloid receptor VR1 and prostanoids in the acid-induced writhing responses of mice. Life Sci. 2001;69(24):2911–9.
38. Gomez R, Por ED, Berg KA, Clarke WP, Glucksman MJ, Jeske NA. Metallopeptidase inhibition potentiates bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia. Pain [Internet]. 2011;152(7):1548–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.044
39. Merchant MA, Modi DN. Acute and chronic effects of aspirin on hematological parameters and hepatic ferritin expression in mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 2004;36(4):226–30.
40. Drower EJ, Stapelfeld A, Mueller RA, Hammond DL. The antinociceptive effects of prostaglandin antagonists in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1987;133(3):249–56.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
AUTHORS WHO PUBLISH WITH THIS JOURNAL AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
.