VITILIGO - An Overview
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i5.570Keywords:
Autoimmune disorder, Vitiligo, Depigmentation.Abstract
Vitiligo is a common, disfiguring autoimmune disease that negatively affects patients’ self-esteem and quality of life. Vitiligo is a common acquired disorder of skin depigmentation in varying patterns, varying from small macules with scalloping borders to near-total depigmentation of body. The presence of autoimmune diseases like autoimmune thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Addison’s disease, diabetes mellitus, alopecia areata, and pernicious anemia in patients and their first degree relatives favours its autoimmune etiology. Clinically, the usual age of onset is before 20 years of age in nearly half of the cases. It affects both genders equally at any age but most studies report a peak incidence between 18 and 21 years (mean 24 years).
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References
1. Mehdi Rashighi, MD & John E-Harris, MD, PhD. Vitiligo pathogenesis and emergingtreatment., Dermatol Clin. 2017; 35(2):257–265.
2. Anuradha bishnoi & Devinder Prasad.clinical and molecular aspects of vitiligo treatment.
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6. Prasad PV, et al. Medico-historical study of "Kilasa" (vitiligo/leucoderma) a common skin disorder. 1997; 15(6):841-3
7. MillingtonGW,etal. Int J Dermatol Vitiligo: the historical curse of depigmentation. 2007 ; 46(9):990-5
8. Alikhan A, Felsten LM, Daly M, Petronic-Rosic V. Vitiligo: A comprehensive overview part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up. J Am Acadermatol; 2011; 65(3):473-491.
9. Kr−ger C, Schallreuter KU. A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults. Int JDermatol 2012; 51:1206-12.
10. Shah H, Mehta A, Astik B. Clinical and sociodemographic study of vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2008; 74:701
11. Fatani MI, Al Sharif SH, Alfif KA, Khan AS, Hussain WA, Banjar AA. The clinical patterns of vitiligo “hospital-based study” in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. J Dermatol Dermatol Surg 2014; 18:17-21.
12. JeonIK, ParkCJ, LeeMH, LeeDY, KangHY, HannSK, etal.Amulticentercollaborativestudyby the Korean society of vitiligo about patients' occupations and the provoking factors of vitiligo. Ann Dermatol2014;26:349-56
13. Arýcan O, Koç K, Ersoy L. Clinical characteristics in 113 Turkish vitiligo patients. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat2008; 17:129-32.
14. Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T, Katayama I, Hamzavi I, Lan CC, et al. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: The vitiligo global issues consensus conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:E1-13.
15. Mahajan VK, Vashist S, Chauhan PS, Mehta KI, Sharma V, Sharma A. Clinico epidemiological profile of patients with vitiligo: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:38-44.
16. Kostovic K, Pasic A. New treatment modalities for vitiligo: Focus on topical immunomodulators. 2005; 65(4):447-59.
17. Liu JB, Li M, Yang S, Gui JP, Wang HY, Du WH, et al. Clinical profiles of vitiligo in china: An analysis of 3742 patients. Clin ExpDermatol. 2005 Jul; 30(4):327-31.
18. Firooz A, Bouzari N, Fallah N, Ghazisaidi B, Firoozabadi MR, Dowlati Y, et al. What patients with vitiligo believe about their condition. Int JDermatol. 2004 Nov; 43(11):811-4.
19. Borimnejad L, Parsa Yekta Z, Nikbakht‑Nasrabadi A, Firooz A. Quality of life with vitiligo: Comparison of male and female muslim patients in Iran. GendMed 2006 Jun; 3(2):124-30
20. Iacovelli P, Sinagra JL, Vidolin AP, Marenda S, Capitanio B, Leone G, et al. Relevance of thyroiditis and of other autoimmune diseases in children with vitiligo. Dermatology 2005; 210(1):26-30
21. Pajvani U, Ahmad N, Wiley A, Levy RM, Kundu R, Mancini AJ, et al. The relationship between family medical history and childhood vitiligo. JAmAcadDermatol 2006; 55(2)-238-44.
22. Umama Yezdani, Mahmood Ali, Mohammad Gayoor Khan,Ayush Kumar, Prince Bhalla and Mayur Sadar, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological approaches to Vitiligo, World journal of pharmaceutical research•2019; 8(9):884-892.
23. Lerner AB. Vitiligo. Prog Dermatol 1972; 6:1–6.
24. Kemp EH, Waterman EA, Weetman AP. Autoimmuneaspects of vitiligo. Autoimmunity 2001; 34:65–77.
25. Pawelek J, Korner A, Bergstrom A, Bologna J. New regulator sofmelanin biosynthesis and the auto destruction of melanoma cells. Nature 1980; 286:617–619.
26. NordlundJJ, Lerner AB. Vitiligo. It is important. A rchDermatol1982; 118:5–8.
27. Arora AK, Kumaran MS. Pathogenesis of vitiligo: An update. Pigment Int 2017; 4:65-77.
28. Njoo MD, Spuls PL Bos JD et al. Nonsurgical repigmentation therapies in vitiligo: meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1532-40.
29. Scherschun L, Kim JJ, Lim HW. Narrow-band ultraviolet B is a useful and well-tolerated treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:999-1003.
30. Njoo MD, Boss JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalised vitiligo in children with narrow-band (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:245-53.
31. Westerhof W, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L. Treatment of vitiligo with UV-B radiation vs topical psoralen plus UV-A. Arch Dematol 1997; 133:1525-28.
32. Natta R, Somsak T, Wisuttida T, Laor L. Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation therapy for recalcitrant vitiligo in Asians. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:472-76.
33. Yones SS, Palmer RA, Garibaldinos TM, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of treatment of vitiligo: Efficacy of psoralen-UVA therapy vs. narrowband-UVB therapy. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143:578-84.
34. Njoo Njoo MD, Boss JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalised vitiligo in children with narrow-band (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:245-53.
35. Hearn RMR, Kerr AC, Rahim KF Ferguson J, Dawe RS. Incidence of skin cancers in 3867 patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:931-5.
36. Fai D, Cassano N, Vena GA. Narrowband UVB phototherapy combined with tacrolimus ointment in vitiligo: a review of 110 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:916-20.
37. Mehrabi D, Pandya AG. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comparing narrowband UV-B plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with narrowband UV-B plus placebo in the treatment of generalized vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142:927-9.
38. Esfanduarpour I, Ekhlasi A, Farajedah S, Shamsadini S. The efficacy of 1% pimecrolimus cream plus ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Dermatolog Treat 2009; 20:14-18.
39. Goktas EO, Aydin F, Senturk N, Canturk MT, Turanli AY. Combination of narrow-band UVB and topical calcipotriol for the treatment of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:553-7.
40. Leone G, Pacifico P, Lacovelli P Vidolin A Paro, Picardo M. Tacalcitol and narrow-band phototherapy in patients with vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 31:200-05.
40. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Lemke KR, Levenig C. Treatment of vitiligo with a topical application of pseudocatalase and calcium in combination with short-term UVB exposure: a case study on 33 patients. Dermatology 1995; 190:181-82.
41. Majid I. Topical placental extract: Does it increase the efficacy of Narrowband UVB therapy in vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76:254-8.
42. Baltas E, Csoma Z, Ignacz et al. Treatment of vitiligo with the 308nm xenon chloride excimer laser. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138:1116-20.
43. Kawalek AZ, Spencer JM, Phelps RG. Combined excimer laser and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 130-35.
44. Grimes PE. Advances in the treatment of vitiligo: targeted phototherapy. Cosmet Dermatol 2003; 140:1065-69.
45. Zhang XY, He YL, Dong J, Xu JZ, Wang J. Clinical efficacy of a 308nm excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2010; 26:138-42.
46. Lotti TM, Menchini G, Andreasi L. UV-B radiation microphototherapy: an elective treatment for segmental vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 113:102-08.
47. Menchini G, Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J. Narrowband UV-B microphototherapy: a new treatment for vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 171-77.
48. Seiter S, Ugurel C, Pfohler W, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Successful treatment of progressive vitiligo with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Dermatology 1999; 199:261-62.
49. Pasricha JS, Khaitan BK. Oral minipulse therapy with betamethasone in vitiligo patients having extensive or fast spreading disease. Int J Dermatol 1993; 31:753-7.
50. Majid I, Masood Q, Hassan I, Khan D, Chisti M. Childhood vitiligo: Response to methylprednisolone oral minipulse therapy and topical fluticasone combination. Indian J Dermatol 2009; 54:124-7.
51. Prasad D, Saini R, Nagpal R.Topical Calcipotriol in vitiligo: a preliminary study. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16:317-20
52. Prasad D, Saini R, Verma N. Combination of PUVAsol and topical Calcipotriol in vitiligo. Dermatology 1998; 197:167-70.
53. Baysal V, Yildirim M, Erel A, Yilmaz E. Is the combination of Calcipotriol and PUVA effective in vitiligo? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17:299-302.
54. Plettenberg H, Assmann T, Ruzicka T. Childhood vitiligo and tacrolimus. Immunomodulatory treatment for an autoimmune disease. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139:651-54.
55. Grimes PE, Soriano T, Dytoc MT. Topical tacrolimus for the repigmentation of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47:789-91.
56. Xu AE, Zhang DM, Wei XD, et al. Efficay and safety of tacrolimus cream 0.1% in the treatment of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:86-90.
57. Mayoral FA, Gonzalez C, Shah NS, Arciniegas C. Repigmentation of vitiligo with pimecrolimus cream: a case report. Dermatology 2003; 207:322-23.
58. Schallreuter KU, Moore J, Behrens Williams S et al. Rapid initiation of repigmentation in vitiligo with Dead Sea climatotherapy in combination with pseudocatalase. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:482-87.
59. Patel DC, Evans AV, Hawk JL. Topical pseudocatalase mousse and narrowband UVB phototherapy is not effective for vitiligo: an open, single-centre study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:562-63.
60. Tsuji T, Hamada T. topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119:722-27.
61. Sethi S; Mahajan BB; Gupta RR; Ohri A. Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of dermabrasion, dermabrasion combined with topical 5% 5-fluorouracil cream, and dermabrasion combined with topial placentrex gel in localized stable vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46:875-9.
62. Njoo MD, Westerhof W, Bos JD, Bossuyt PM. A systematic review of autologous transplantation methods in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1543-49.
63. Falabella R. Treatment of localized vitiligo by autologous minigrafting. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124:169-55.
64. Rusfianti M, Wirohadidjodjo YW. Dermatosurgical techniques for repigmentation of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:411-17.
65. Patwardhan N. Conference report ACSICON 2008. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2009; 2:47-8.
66. Mulekar SV. Long-term follow-up study of segmental and focal vitiligo treated by autologous, noncultured melanocyte-keratinocyte cell transplantation. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140:1273-74.
67. Chen YF, Yang PY, Hu DN et al. Treatment of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured pure melanocyte suspension: analysis of 120 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:68-74.
68. Piangiani E, Risulo M, Andreassi A et al. Autologous epidermal cultures and narrow-band ultraviolet B in the surgical treatment of vitiligo. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31:155-59.
69. Mahajan VK, Vashist S, Chauhan PS, Mehta KI, Sharma V, Sharma A. Clinico epidemiological profile of patients with vitiligo: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:38-44.
2. Anuradha bishnoi & Devinder Prasad.clinical and molecular aspects of vitiligo treatment.
3. Prashiela Manga, Nada Elbuluk, & Seth J.Orlow. Recent advances in understanding vitiligo.
4. Razia Rahman & Yasha Hasija. Exploring vitiligo susceptibility &management.. Biomedical Dermatology 2018; 2(20).
5. Alexander B. Dillon, MD, Andrew sideris, MSC, & Nada Elbuluk, MD, MSC.Advances in vitiligo :An update on medical & surgicaltreatment.
6. Prasad PV, et al. Medico-historical study of "Kilasa" (vitiligo/leucoderma) a common skin disorder. 1997; 15(6):841-3
7. MillingtonGW,etal. Int J Dermatol Vitiligo: the historical curse of depigmentation. 2007 ; 46(9):990-5
8. Alikhan A, Felsten LM, Daly M, Petronic-Rosic V. Vitiligo: A comprehensive overview part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up. J Am Acadermatol; 2011; 65(3):473-491.
9. Kr−ger C, Schallreuter KU. A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults. Int JDermatol 2012; 51:1206-12.
10. Shah H, Mehta A, Astik B. Clinical and sociodemographic study of vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2008; 74:701
11. Fatani MI, Al Sharif SH, Alfif KA, Khan AS, Hussain WA, Banjar AA. The clinical patterns of vitiligo “hospital-based study” in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. J Dermatol Dermatol Surg 2014; 18:17-21.
12. JeonIK, ParkCJ, LeeMH, LeeDY, KangHY, HannSK, etal.Amulticentercollaborativestudyby the Korean society of vitiligo about patients' occupations and the provoking factors of vitiligo. Ann Dermatol2014;26:349-56
13. Arýcan O, Koç K, Ersoy L. Clinical characteristics in 113 Turkish vitiligo patients. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat2008; 17:129-32.
14. Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T, Katayama I, Hamzavi I, Lan CC, et al. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: The vitiligo global issues consensus conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:E1-13.
15. Mahajan VK, Vashist S, Chauhan PS, Mehta KI, Sharma V, Sharma A. Clinico epidemiological profile of patients with vitiligo: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:38-44.
16. Kostovic K, Pasic A. New treatment modalities for vitiligo: Focus on topical immunomodulators. 2005; 65(4):447-59.
17. Liu JB, Li M, Yang S, Gui JP, Wang HY, Du WH, et al. Clinical profiles of vitiligo in china: An analysis of 3742 patients. Clin ExpDermatol. 2005 Jul; 30(4):327-31.
18. Firooz A, Bouzari N, Fallah N, Ghazisaidi B, Firoozabadi MR, Dowlati Y, et al. What patients with vitiligo believe about their condition. Int JDermatol. 2004 Nov; 43(11):811-4.
19. Borimnejad L, Parsa Yekta Z, Nikbakht‑Nasrabadi A, Firooz A. Quality of life with vitiligo: Comparison of male and female muslim patients in Iran. GendMed 2006 Jun; 3(2):124-30
20. Iacovelli P, Sinagra JL, Vidolin AP, Marenda S, Capitanio B, Leone G, et al. Relevance of thyroiditis and of other autoimmune diseases in children with vitiligo. Dermatology 2005; 210(1):26-30
21. Pajvani U, Ahmad N, Wiley A, Levy RM, Kundu R, Mancini AJ, et al. The relationship between family medical history and childhood vitiligo. JAmAcadDermatol 2006; 55(2)-238-44.
22. Umama Yezdani, Mahmood Ali, Mohammad Gayoor Khan,Ayush Kumar, Prince Bhalla and Mayur Sadar, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological approaches to Vitiligo, World journal of pharmaceutical research•2019; 8(9):884-892.
23. Lerner AB. Vitiligo. Prog Dermatol 1972; 6:1–6.
24. Kemp EH, Waterman EA, Weetman AP. Autoimmuneaspects of vitiligo. Autoimmunity 2001; 34:65–77.
25. Pawelek J, Korner A, Bergstrom A, Bologna J. New regulator sofmelanin biosynthesis and the auto destruction of melanoma cells. Nature 1980; 286:617–619.
26. NordlundJJ, Lerner AB. Vitiligo. It is important. A rchDermatol1982; 118:5–8.
27. Arora AK, Kumaran MS. Pathogenesis of vitiligo: An update. Pigment Int 2017; 4:65-77.
28. Njoo MD, Spuls PL Bos JD et al. Nonsurgical repigmentation therapies in vitiligo: meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1532-40.
29. Scherschun L, Kim JJ, Lim HW. Narrow-band ultraviolet B is a useful and well-tolerated treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:999-1003.
30. Njoo MD, Boss JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalised vitiligo in children with narrow-band (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:245-53.
31. Westerhof W, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L. Treatment of vitiligo with UV-B radiation vs topical psoralen plus UV-A. Arch Dematol 1997; 133:1525-28.
32. Natta R, Somsak T, Wisuttida T, Laor L. Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation therapy for recalcitrant vitiligo in Asians. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:472-76.
33. Yones SS, Palmer RA, Garibaldinos TM, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of treatment of vitiligo: Efficacy of psoralen-UVA therapy vs. narrowband-UVB therapy. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143:578-84.
34. Njoo Njoo MD, Boss JD, Westerhof W. Treatment of generalised vitiligo in children with narrow-band (TL-01) UVB radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:245-53.
35. Hearn RMR, Kerr AC, Rahim KF Ferguson J, Dawe RS. Incidence of skin cancers in 3867 patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:931-5.
36. Fai D, Cassano N, Vena GA. Narrowband UVB phototherapy combined with tacrolimus ointment in vitiligo: a review of 110 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:916-20.
37. Mehrabi D, Pandya AG. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comparing narrowband UV-B plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with narrowband UV-B plus placebo in the treatment of generalized vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142:927-9.
38. Esfanduarpour I, Ekhlasi A, Farajedah S, Shamsadini S. The efficacy of 1% pimecrolimus cream plus ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Dermatolog Treat 2009; 20:14-18.
39. Goktas EO, Aydin F, Senturk N, Canturk MT, Turanli AY. Combination of narrow-band UVB and topical calcipotriol for the treatment of vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:553-7.
40. Leone G, Pacifico P, Lacovelli P Vidolin A Paro, Picardo M. Tacalcitol and narrow-band phototherapy in patients with vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 31:200-05.
40. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Lemke KR, Levenig C. Treatment of vitiligo with a topical application of pseudocatalase and calcium in combination with short-term UVB exposure: a case study on 33 patients. Dermatology 1995; 190:181-82.
41. Majid I. Topical placental extract: Does it increase the efficacy of Narrowband UVB therapy in vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76:254-8.
42. Baltas E, Csoma Z, Ignacz et al. Treatment of vitiligo with the 308nm xenon chloride excimer laser. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138:1116-20.
43. Kawalek AZ, Spencer JM, Phelps RG. Combined excimer laser and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 130-35.
44. Grimes PE. Advances in the treatment of vitiligo: targeted phototherapy. Cosmet Dermatol 2003; 140:1065-69.
45. Zhang XY, He YL, Dong J, Xu JZ, Wang J. Clinical efficacy of a 308nm excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2010; 26:138-42.
46. Lotti TM, Menchini G, Andreasi L. UV-B radiation microphototherapy: an elective treatment for segmental vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 113:102-08.
47. Menchini G, Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J. Narrowband UV-B microphototherapy: a new treatment for vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 171-77.
48. Seiter S, Ugurel C, Pfohler W, Tilgen W, Reinhold U. Successful treatment of progressive vitiligo with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Dermatology 1999; 199:261-62.
49. Pasricha JS, Khaitan BK. Oral minipulse therapy with betamethasone in vitiligo patients having extensive or fast spreading disease. Int J Dermatol 1993; 31:753-7.
50. Majid I, Masood Q, Hassan I, Khan D, Chisti M. Childhood vitiligo: Response to methylprednisolone oral minipulse therapy and topical fluticasone combination. Indian J Dermatol 2009; 54:124-7.
51. Prasad D, Saini R, Nagpal R.Topical Calcipotriol in vitiligo: a preliminary study. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16:317-20
52. Prasad D, Saini R, Verma N. Combination of PUVAsol and topical Calcipotriol in vitiligo. Dermatology 1998; 197:167-70.
53. Baysal V, Yildirim M, Erel A, Yilmaz E. Is the combination of Calcipotriol and PUVA effective in vitiligo? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17:299-302.
54. Plettenberg H, Assmann T, Ruzicka T. Childhood vitiligo and tacrolimus. Immunomodulatory treatment for an autoimmune disease. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139:651-54.
55. Grimes PE, Soriano T, Dytoc MT. Topical tacrolimus for the repigmentation of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47:789-91.
56. Xu AE, Zhang DM, Wei XD, et al. Efficay and safety of tacrolimus cream 0.1% in the treatment of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48:86-90.
57. Mayoral FA, Gonzalez C, Shah NS, Arciniegas C. Repigmentation of vitiligo with pimecrolimus cream: a case report. Dermatology 2003; 207:322-23.
58. Schallreuter KU, Moore J, Behrens Williams S et al. Rapid initiation of repigmentation in vitiligo with Dead Sea climatotherapy in combination with pseudocatalase. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:482-87.
59. Patel DC, Evans AV, Hawk JL. Topical pseudocatalase mousse and narrowband UVB phototherapy is not effective for vitiligo: an open, single-centre study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28:562-63.
60. Tsuji T, Hamada T. topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119:722-27.
61. Sethi S; Mahajan BB; Gupta RR; Ohri A. Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of dermabrasion, dermabrasion combined with topical 5% 5-fluorouracil cream, and dermabrasion combined with topial placentrex gel in localized stable vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46:875-9.
62. Njoo MD, Westerhof W, Bos JD, Bossuyt PM. A systematic review of autologous transplantation methods in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134:1543-49.
63. Falabella R. Treatment of localized vitiligo by autologous minigrafting. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124:169-55.
64. Rusfianti M, Wirohadidjodjo YW. Dermatosurgical techniques for repigmentation of vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:411-17.
65. Patwardhan N. Conference report ACSICON 2008. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2009; 2:47-8.
66. Mulekar SV. Long-term follow-up study of segmental and focal vitiligo treated by autologous, noncultured melanocyte-keratinocyte cell transplantation. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140:1273-74.
67. Chen YF, Yang PY, Hu DN et al. Treatment of vitiligo by transplantation of cultured pure melanocyte suspension: analysis of 120 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:68-74.
68. Piangiani E, Risulo M, Andreassi A et al. Autologous epidermal cultures and narrow-band ultraviolet B in the surgical treatment of vitiligo. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31:155-59.
69. Mahajan VK, Vashist S, Chauhan PS, Mehta KI, Sharma V, Sharma A. Clinico epidemiological profile of patients with vitiligo: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:38-44.
Published
2019-10-15
How to Cite
Jakku, R., Thappatla, V., Kola, T., & Kadarla, R. K. (2019). VITILIGO - An Overview. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 7(5), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i5.570
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