Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Hyaluronate and Diclofenac Sodium in Chronic Arthritis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i4.536Keywords:
Sodium Hyaluronate, Diclofenac Sodium, Chronic ArthritisAbstract
The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of sodium hyaluronate, which is similar to the lubricant fluid that found naturally in the capsule of the healthy joint with diclofenac sodium, a member of NSAIDs commonly used in treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA), separately and in combination on an experimental model of osteoarthritis in rats induced by monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA). Twenty-five male albino rats weighing at the beginning of the experiment 160± 20 gm were used in this study. Rats were housed in cages at 25± 0.5°C. The rats were divided into 5 main groups.
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References
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2. Scanzello CR and Goldring SR The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis Bone.2012; 51:249– 257.
3. Michiel S, Harald C G, Stuart JK, Erik DB, Marjan S, Jan HW, Cristina M, Gerjo JVM, Marion DJ, Harrie W. Increased physical activity severely induces osteoarthritic changes in knee joints with papain induced sulfateglycosaminoglycans depleted cartilage. Arthr. Res. and ther.2014; 16:R32.
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6. Alberto M and Mauro G. Intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Clin. Intervene in aging 2008; 3(2):365-369.
7. Balazs I, Hargittai M and Hargitti I, (2011): History of Hyaluronan Science E A Hyaluronan From Basic Science to Clinical Applications Volume 2 Pub matrix (ISBN 978-0-9820350-4-7).
8. Patel PM, Chaitany AD, Shashank KT and Kunal DB. Development and validation of rp-hplc method forestimation of diclofenac sodium and eperisonehydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. An int j of pharmaceut. Sci.2013; 4:308.
9. Paget GE and Barnes JM, Evaluation of drugs activities: pharmacut, Laurence and Bacharach. 1964; 1:133-166.
10. Roberto EG, Mark GE, Susan B, Brandy M and Kenneth K, Mono-iodoacetate induced histologic changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage of rat femoro-tibial joints: an animal model of osteoarthritis. Toxicol Path.2003; 31(6):619:624.
11. Bar-Yehuda S, Rath-Wolfson L, Del Valle L, Ochaion A, Cohen S, Patoka R, Zozuly G, Barer F, Atar E, Piña-Oviedo S, Perez-Liz G, Castel D. and Fishman P. Induction of an anti- inflammatory effect and prevention of cartilage damage in rat knee osteoarthritis by CF101 treatment. Arth Rheum. 2009; 60:3061–3071.
12. Hattori K, Ikeuch K, Morita Y and Takakura Y. Quantitative ultrasonic assessment for detecting microscopic cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. Arth Res Ther.2005; 7(1):38-46.
13. Rezende MU Gurgel HM, Vilaca JPR, Kuroba RK, Lopes AS, and Phillipi RZ. Diacerein versus glucosamine in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Clin. (Sao Paulo). 2006; 61(5):461–466.
14. Bancroft JD and Gamble M (2008): Theory and Practice of histological techniques. (6thedn.), Churchil Livingstone, London.
15. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Ann. of Bioch.1979; 95:351–358.
16. Nishikimi M, Rao NA and Yagi K, The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulphate and molecular oxygen. Bio chem. Biophysic. Res. Com.1972; 46(2): 849-854.
17. Paglia DE and Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin. Med. 1967; 70(1):158-69.
18. Tietz NW. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd Edn, Saunders Publishing Company, USA, Pages: 1976; 125-133.
19. Vassault A, Grafmeyer D, Naudin C, Dumont, G, Bailly M, Henny J, Gerhardt MF. and Georges P. Protocol for the validation of methods. Document B, stage 3. Commission for validation of methods of the Société Francaise de Biologie Clinique. Ann Biol Clin., 1986; 44: 686-745.
20. Martel-Pelletier J. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. OA Cart. 1999; 7(4):371-373.
21. Anja F, Kristina A N M, Charlotte G, Sally A. and Gunnar N. Influence of model and matrix on cytokine profile in rat and human. Rheum., 2014; 258-264.
22. Van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, Van Lent PL, Arntz OJ and van den Berg WB. Role of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6, in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism and destruction. Effect in situ blocking in the murine antigen- and zymogen- induced arthritis. Arthr. Rheum. 1995; 38:164-172.
23. Abdesalam A. Some molecular biochemical studied on GAGs, 2015; 82-94.
24. Alberto M and Mauro G. Intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Clin. Intervene in aging, 2008; 3(2):365-369.
25. Andreas R, Jürgen M, Andreas W Reneè, F, Albrecht S. Intra-articular injections of high-molecularweight hyaluronic acid have biphasic effects on joint inflammation and destruction in rat antigen-induced arthritis, 2005; 677-686.
26. Peng H, Zhou JL, Liu SQ, Hu QJ, Ming JH and Qiu B. Hyaluronic acid inhibits nitric oxideinduced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Inflamm. Res., 2010; 59(7):519–530.
27. Theresa HP Jeremy, JOT, Anthony CB, Emma MT, Julia JI, Fionula MB, Brian, MJF, Keith PR. and Marc F. Nosteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Increase TNF Production in Rheumatoid Synovial Membrance Cultures and While Blood. J of immune. 2010; 185(6): 3694-3701.
28. Honda T, Segi-Nishida E, Miyachi Y. and Narumiya S. Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4 signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis. J Exp Med.2006; 203:325–335.
29. Aydıner K, Ramazan YH, Bahadır A and Sadık S. Effects of hyaluronan on nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase activities in synovial fluid in knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007; 26: 1306.
30. Salvemini D, Mazzon E. and Dugo L. Amelioration of joint disease in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis by M40403, a superoxide dismutase mimetic. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44:2909–2921.
31. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic D. and Fernandes JC. Reduced progression of experimental osteoarthritis in vivo by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arthr Rheum.1998; 41:1275–1286.
32. Banford JC. Brown DH and Hazelton RA. Serum Copper and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1982; 41:458-462.
33. Cimen MY, Cimen OB. and Kacmaz M. Oxidant/antioxidant status of the erythrocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol2000; 19:275–277.
34. Kobayashi K, Mishima H and Harwood F. The suppressive effect of hyaluronan on nitric oxide production and cell apoaptosis in the central region of meniscus following partial meniscucs following partial meniscectomy. Iowa Orthop.2002; 22:39-41.
35. Takahashi K, Hashimoto S, Kubo T, Hirasawa Y, Lotz M. and Amiel D. Hyaluronan suppressed nitric oxide production in the meniscus and synovium of rabbit osteoarthritis model. J Orthop Res. 2001; 19:500–503.
36. Sarban S. Kocyigit A, Yazar M. and Isikan UE. Plasma total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Biochem. 2005; 38:981.
37. Romero FJ, Bosch-Morell F, Romero MJ, Jareño EJ, Romero B, Marín, N.and Romá, J. Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human disease. Environ. Health Perspec.1998; 106:1229.
38. Lunec J, Halloran SP, White AG, and Dormandy TL.Free-radical oxidation (peroxidation) products in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheum., 1981; 8:233.
39. El-Maddawy KEZ and El-Ashmawy MEI. Hepato-Renal and Hematological Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Rats. Glob. J. of Pharmacol.2013; 7(2): 123-132.
40. Gõkçimin A, Akdogan M. and Karaõz E. Structural and biochemical changes in liver and renal tissues induced by an acute high dose of diclofenac sodium in rats. Biomed. Res.2000; 11:293-302.
41. Gõkçimin A, Aydin G, Karaõz E, Malas MA and Õncii M. Effect of diclofenac sodium administration during pregnancy in the postnatal period. Fet. Diag. and Ther.2001; 16:417-422.
42. Hickey EJ, Raje RR, Reid VE, Gross SM and Ray SD. Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Free Rad. Biol. and Med.2001; 31(2):139-152.
43. Pari L and Kumar AN. Hepatoprotective activity of moringa oleifera on antitubercular drug induced liver damage in rats. J of med and food. 2002; 5(3):171-177.
44. Edwards SH, Cake MA, Spoelstra G, Read RA. Bio distribution and clearance of intraarticular liposomes in a large animal model using a radiographic marker. J. Liposome Res. 2007; 17:249–261.
45. Sturgill MG and Lambart GH, Xenobioticinduced hepatotoxicity: Mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function. Clin Chem.1997; 43:1512-1526.
46. Tolman KG. Hepatotoxicity of non-narcotic analgesics. Am J of Med. (Review).1998; 105:135-195.
47. Boelsterli UA. Diclofenac-induced liver injury: a paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicol and App Pharmacol.2003; 192:307-322.
48. Masubuchi Y, Nakayama S and Horie T. Role of mitochondrial oermeability in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury inrats, Hepatol.2002; 35:544-551
49. Go´mez-Lecho´n MJ, Ponsoda X, O’Connor E, Donato T, Jover R and Castell JV. Diclofenac induces apoptosis in hepatocytes. Toxicol. in Vitro. 2003; 17:675-680.
50. Brater DC. Renal effect of cyclooxygyenase-2selective inhibitors. J of pain and symp Manag. 2002; 23(4):15-23.
51. Iskander CT, Hassan L, Dhaliwal GK, Yusoff R, Omar AR and Khan MA. Histophathologic study on the side effects of the diclofenac sodium in rabbits. Anim. Health.2004; 23(8):23-30.
52. Gulsen A, Alparsion G, Ekrem C, Nermin K and Osman G. Histopathological changes in liver and renal tissue induced by different doses of diclofenac sodium in rats. Turk. J Vet Anim Sci. 2003; 1131-1140.
53. Palmer BF. Renal complications associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. J Invest.Med.1995; 43: 516-553.
54. Hussain IM, Khan Z, Khan A, Javed I and Saleemi MK. Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species. Avian Pathol. 2008; 37(3):315-321.
55. Eldin AA, Shaheen AA, Abd Elgawad HM and Shehata NI. Protective effect of taurine and quercetin against renal dysfunction associated with the combined use of gentamycin and diclofenac. Ind. J. of Bioch.& Biophys.2008; 45(5):332-340.
56. Syed NI, Zehra F, Syed AA, Karim S and Khan FZ. Comparing the effects of salts of diclofenac and alminoprofen with aspirin on serum electrolytes, creatinine and urea levels in rabbits. Pakistan J of Pharmaceut Sci.2012; 25(4):777-782.
57. Gulsen A, Alparsion G, Ekrem C. Nermin K and Osman G. Histopathological changes in liver and renal tissue induced by different doses of diclofenac sodium in rats. Turk. J. Vet Anim Sci.2003; 1131-1140.
58. Heidari B. Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and features: Part I. Caspain J. Int. Med.2011; 2(2):205-212.
59. Osman WA, Elmessiry SAEM, Shaker OG, Zaki IM, Wissa M, Amer MS and Shamaa AA. Comparative Study of the Effect of Diacerein and Diclofenac Sodium and Their Combination in Osteoarthritis Model Induced By Mono-iodoacetate in Albino Rats. Pharmaceutical, Biolog and Chem Sci.2015; 3:1079-1089.
60. Tommaso I, Mohamed E, Ali ÖB and Beniamino PP. Histopathological study of intra-articular injection of a novel highly cross-linked hyaluronic acid in a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis. J of Molec Histolo. 2013; 44(2):191–201.
61. Wiig ME, Amiel D, Vande BJ, Kitabayashi L, Harwood FL and Arfors, K.E. The early effect of high molecular weight hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) on anterior cruciate ligament healing: an experimental study in rabbits. J Orthop Res. 1990; 8:425–434.
62. Palmoski MJ and Brandt KD. Effect of salicylate on proteoglycan metabolism in normal canine articular cartilage in vitro. Arthr Rheum.; 1997; 22:746-754.
63. Reijman M, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Pols HA, Koes BW, Stricker BH. and Hazes JM. Is there an association between the use of different types of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and radiologic progression of osteoarthritis? The Rotterdam Study. Arthr. Rheum.2005; 52:3137–3142.
64. Hauser RA. The acceleration of articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J. Prolother.2010; 2:305-322.
65. O’Keefe RJ, Crabb ID, Puzas JE and Rosier RN. Influence of prostaglandins on DNA and matrix synthesis in growth plate chondrocytes. J Bone Min Res.1992; 7:397-404.
66. Pelletier JP, Dibattista JA, Roughley P, Collum R and Martel-Pelletier, J.Cytokines and inflammation in cartilage degradation. Rheum. Dis. Clinic North America.1993; 19:545-568
2. Scanzello CR and Goldring SR The role of synovitis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis Bone.2012; 51:249– 257.
3. Michiel S, Harald C G, Stuart JK, Erik DB, Marjan S, Jan HW, Cristina M, Gerjo JVM, Marion DJ, Harrie W. Increased physical activity severely induces osteoarthritic changes in knee joints with papain induced sulfateglycosaminoglycans depleted cartilage. Arthr. Res. and ther.2014; 16:R32.
4. Salazar J, Bello L, Chavez M, Anez R, Rojas J and Bermudez V. Glucosamine for osteoarthritis: biological effects, clinical efficacy, and safety on glucose metabolism. Arthr. 2014; 432-463.
5. Krasnokutsky S, Samuels J and Abramson SB. "Osteoarthritis" Bulletin of the NYU hospital for Joint. Dis.2007; 65(3):222-228.
6. Alberto M and Mauro G. Intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Clin. Intervene in aging 2008; 3(2):365-369.
7. Balazs I, Hargittai M and Hargitti I, (2011): History of Hyaluronan Science E A Hyaluronan From Basic Science to Clinical Applications Volume 2 Pub matrix (ISBN 978-0-9820350-4-7).
8. Patel PM, Chaitany AD, Shashank KT and Kunal DB. Development and validation of rp-hplc method forestimation of diclofenac sodium and eperisonehydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. An int j of pharmaceut. Sci.2013; 4:308.
9. Paget GE and Barnes JM, Evaluation of drugs activities: pharmacut, Laurence and Bacharach. 1964; 1:133-166.
10. Roberto EG, Mark GE, Susan B, Brandy M and Kenneth K, Mono-iodoacetate induced histologic changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage of rat femoro-tibial joints: an animal model of osteoarthritis. Toxicol Path.2003; 31(6):619:624.
11. Bar-Yehuda S, Rath-Wolfson L, Del Valle L, Ochaion A, Cohen S, Patoka R, Zozuly G, Barer F, Atar E, Piña-Oviedo S, Perez-Liz G, Castel D. and Fishman P. Induction of an anti- inflammatory effect and prevention of cartilage damage in rat knee osteoarthritis by CF101 treatment. Arth Rheum. 2009; 60:3061–3071.
12. Hattori K, Ikeuch K, Morita Y and Takakura Y. Quantitative ultrasonic assessment for detecting microscopic cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. Arth Res Ther.2005; 7(1):38-46.
13. Rezende MU Gurgel HM, Vilaca JPR, Kuroba RK, Lopes AS, and Phillipi RZ. Diacerein versus glucosamine in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Clin. (Sao Paulo). 2006; 61(5):461–466.
14. Bancroft JD and Gamble M (2008): Theory and Practice of histological techniques. (6thedn.), Churchil Livingstone, London.
15. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N. and Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Ann. of Bioch.1979; 95:351–358.
16. Nishikimi M, Rao NA and Yagi K, The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulphate and molecular oxygen. Bio chem. Biophysic. Res. Com.1972; 46(2): 849-854.
17. Paglia DE and Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin. Med. 1967; 70(1):158-69.
18. Tietz NW. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd Edn, Saunders Publishing Company, USA, Pages: 1976; 125-133.
19. Vassault A, Grafmeyer D, Naudin C, Dumont, G, Bailly M, Henny J, Gerhardt MF. and Georges P. Protocol for the validation of methods. Document B, stage 3. Commission for validation of methods of the Société Francaise de Biologie Clinique. Ann Biol Clin., 1986; 44: 686-745.
20. Martel-Pelletier J. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. OA Cart. 1999; 7(4):371-373.
21. Anja F, Kristina A N M, Charlotte G, Sally A. and Gunnar N. Influence of model and matrix on cytokine profile in rat and human. Rheum., 2014; 258-264.
22. Van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, Van Lent PL, Arntz OJ and van den Berg WB. Role of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6, in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism and destruction. Effect in situ blocking in the murine antigen- and zymogen- induced arthritis. Arthr. Rheum. 1995; 38:164-172.
23. Abdesalam A. Some molecular biochemical studied on GAGs, 2015; 82-94.
24. Alberto M and Mauro G. Intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Clin. Intervene in aging, 2008; 3(2):365-369.
25. Andreas R, Jürgen M, Andreas W Reneè, F, Albrecht S. Intra-articular injections of high-molecularweight hyaluronic acid have biphasic effects on joint inflammation and destruction in rat antigen-induced arthritis, 2005; 677-686.
26. Peng H, Zhou JL, Liu SQ, Hu QJ, Ming JH and Qiu B. Hyaluronic acid inhibits nitric oxideinduced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Inflamm. Res., 2010; 59(7):519–530.
27. Theresa HP Jeremy, JOT, Anthony CB, Emma MT, Julia JI, Fionula MB, Brian, MJF, Keith PR. and Marc F. Nosteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Increase TNF Production in Rheumatoid Synovial Membrance Cultures and While Blood. J of immune. 2010; 185(6): 3694-3701.
28. Honda T, Segi-Nishida E, Miyachi Y. and Narumiya S. Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4 signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis. J Exp Med.2006; 203:325–335.
29. Aydıner K, Ramazan YH, Bahadır A and Sadık S. Effects of hyaluronan on nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase activities in synovial fluid in knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007; 26: 1306.
30. Salvemini D, Mazzon E. and Dugo L. Amelioration of joint disease in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis by M40403, a superoxide dismutase mimetic. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44:2909–2921.
31. Pelletier JP, Jovanovic D. and Fernandes JC. Reduced progression of experimental osteoarthritis in vivo by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arthr Rheum.1998; 41:1275–1286.
32. Banford JC. Brown DH and Hazelton RA. Serum Copper and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1982; 41:458-462.
33. Cimen MY, Cimen OB. and Kacmaz M. Oxidant/antioxidant status of the erythrocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol2000; 19:275–277.
34. Kobayashi K, Mishima H and Harwood F. The suppressive effect of hyaluronan on nitric oxide production and cell apoaptosis in the central region of meniscus following partial meniscucs following partial meniscectomy. Iowa Orthop.2002; 22:39-41.
35. Takahashi K, Hashimoto S, Kubo T, Hirasawa Y, Lotz M. and Amiel D. Hyaluronan suppressed nitric oxide production in the meniscus and synovium of rabbit osteoarthritis model. J Orthop Res. 2001; 19:500–503.
36. Sarban S. Kocyigit A, Yazar M. and Isikan UE. Plasma total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Biochem. 2005; 38:981.
37. Romero FJ, Bosch-Morell F, Romero MJ, Jareño EJ, Romero B, Marín, N.and Romá, J. Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human disease. Environ. Health Perspec.1998; 106:1229.
38. Lunec J, Halloran SP, White AG, and Dormandy TL.Free-radical oxidation (peroxidation) products in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheum., 1981; 8:233.
39. El-Maddawy KEZ and El-Ashmawy MEI. Hepato-Renal and Hematological Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Rats. Glob. J. of Pharmacol.2013; 7(2): 123-132.
40. Gõkçimin A, Akdogan M. and Karaõz E. Structural and biochemical changes in liver and renal tissues induced by an acute high dose of diclofenac sodium in rats. Biomed. Res.2000; 11:293-302.
41. Gõkçimin A, Aydin G, Karaõz E, Malas MA and Õncii M. Effect of diclofenac sodium administration during pregnancy in the postnatal period. Fet. Diag. and Ther.2001; 16:417-422.
42. Hickey EJ, Raje RR, Reid VE, Gross SM and Ray SD. Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Free Rad. Biol. and Med.2001; 31(2):139-152.
43. Pari L and Kumar AN. Hepatoprotective activity of moringa oleifera on antitubercular drug induced liver damage in rats. J of med and food. 2002; 5(3):171-177.
44. Edwards SH, Cake MA, Spoelstra G, Read RA. Bio distribution and clearance of intraarticular liposomes in a large animal model using a radiographic marker. J. Liposome Res. 2007; 17:249–261.
45. Sturgill MG and Lambart GH, Xenobioticinduced hepatotoxicity: Mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function. Clin Chem.1997; 43:1512-1526.
46. Tolman KG. Hepatotoxicity of non-narcotic analgesics. Am J of Med. (Review).1998; 105:135-195.
47. Boelsterli UA. Diclofenac-induced liver injury: a paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicol and App Pharmacol.2003; 192:307-322.
48. Masubuchi Y, Nakayama S and Horie T. Role of mitochondrial oermeability in diclofenac-induced hepatocyte injury inrats, Hepatol.2002; 35:544-551
49. Go´mez-Lecho´n MJ, Ponsoda X, O’Connor E, Donato T, Jover R and Castell JV. Diclofenac induces apoptosis in hepatocytes. Toxicol. in Vitro. 2003; 17:675-680.
50. Brater DC. Renal effect of cyclooxygyenase-2selective inhibitors. J of pain and symp Manag. 2002; 23(4):15-23.
51. Iskander CT, Hassan L, Dhaliwal GK, Yusoff R, Omar AR and Khan MA. Histophathologic study on the side effects of the diclofenac sodium in rabbits. Anim. Health.2004; 23(8):23-30.
52. Gulsen A, Alparsion G, Ekrem C, Nermin K and Osman G. Histopathological changes in liver and renal tissue induced by different doses of diclofenac sodium in rats. Turk. J Vet Anim Sci. 2003; 1131-1140.
53. Palmer BF. Renal complications associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. J Invest.Med.1995; 43: 516-553.
54. Hussain IM, Khan Z, Khan A, Javed I and Saleemi MK. Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species. Avian Pathol. 2008; 37(3):315-321.
55. Eldin AA, Shaheen AA, Abd Elgawad HM and Shehata NI. Protective effect of taurine and quercetin against renal dysfunction associated with the combined use of gentamycin and diclofenac. Ind. J. of Bioch.& Biophys.2008; 45(5):332-340.
56. Syed NI, Zehra F, Syed AA, Karim S and Khan FZ. Comparing the effects of salts of diclofenac and alminoprofen with aspirin on serum electrolytes, creatinine and urea levels in rabbits. Pakistan J of Pharmaceut Sci.2012; 25(4):777-782.
57. Gulsen A, Alparsion G, Ekrem C. Nermin K and Osman G. Histopathological changes in liver and renal tissue induced by different doses of diclofenac sodium in rats. Turk. J. Vet Anim Sci.2003; 1131-1140.
58. Heidari B. Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and features: Part I. Caspain J. Int. Med.2011; 2(2):205-212.
59. Osman WA, Elmessiry SAEM, Shaker OG, Zaki IM, Wissa M, Amer MS and Shamaa AA. Comparative Study of the Effect of Diacerein and Diclofenac Sodium and Their Combination in Osteoarthritis Model Induced By Mono-iodoacetate in Albino Rats. Pharmaceutical, Biolog and Chem Sci.2015; 3:1079-1089.
60. Tommaso I, Mohamed E, Ali ÖB and Beniamino PP. Histopathological study of intra-articular injection of a novel highly cross-linked hyaluronic acid in a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis. J of Molec Histolo. 2013; 44(2):191–201.
61. Wiig ME, Amiel D, Vande BJ, Kitabayashi L, Harwood FL and Arfors, K.E. The early effect of high molecular weight hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) on anterior cruciate ligament healing: an experimental study in rabbits. J Orthop Res. 1990; 8:425–434.
62. Palmoski MJ and Brandt KD. Effect of salicylate on proteoglycan metabolism in normal canine articular cartilage in vitro. Arthr Rheum.; 1997; 22:746-754.
63. Reijman M, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Pols HA, Koes BW, Stricker BH. and Hazes JM. Is there an association between the use of different types of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and radiologic progression of osteoarthritis? The Rotterdam Study. Arthr. Rheum.2005; 52:3137–3142.
64. Hauser RA. The acceleration of articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J. Prolother.2010; 2:305-322.
65. O’Keefe RJ, Crabb ID, Puzas JE and Rosier RN. Influence of prostaglandins on DNA and matrix synthesis in growth plate chondrocytes. J Bone Min Res.1992; 7:397-404.
66. Pelletier JP, Dibattista JA, Roughley P, Collum R and Martel-Pelletier, J.Cytokines and inflammation in cartilage degradation. Rheum. Dis. Clinic North America.1993; 19:545-568
Published
2019-08-15
How to Cite
Bogzil, A. H., Shams, G., & El-Latif, S. A. (2019). Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Hyaluronate and Diclofenac Sodium in Chronic Arthritis. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 7(4), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i4.536
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