Review on SGLT2 Inhibitors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i2.1214Keywords:
Analytical techniques, biological fluids, Diabetes mellitus, SGLT2 InhibitorsAbstract
The pharmaceutical industry employs a variety of analytical techniques to test the quality, concentration, and composition of medicines in biological fluids. This review work to provide the most existing analytical methods for the analysis of SGLT2 inhibitors (Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin) in active pharmaceutical ingredients, biological fluids & pharmaceutical dosage forms. SGLT2 inhibitors are gliflozin derivatives, used generally in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These inhibitors have pharmacological action in the kidneys, where they filter and reabsorb glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule and help to contribute to glucose homeostasis. The analytical techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS/MS, Mass spectrometry, UV-spectroscopy, and HPTLC on selected SGLT2 inhibitors were reviewed.
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References
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9. Perry RJ, Shulman GI. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: Understanding the mechanisms for therapeutic promise and persisting risks. J Biol Chem [Internet]. 2020; 295(42):14379–90.
10. Tentolouris A, Vlachakis P, Tzeravini E, Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris N. SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of their antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(16):1–27.
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13. Heise T, Jordan J, Wanner C, Heer M, Macha S, Mattheus M, et al. Acute Pharmacodynamic Effects of Empagliflozin With and Without Diuretic Agents in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Ther [Internet].:1–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.008
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16. Fitchett D, Eynatten M Von, Mattheus M, Biomath D, Johansen OE, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. 2016; 1–12.
17. Frampton JE. Empagliflozin : A Review in Type 2 Diabetes. Drugs [Internet]. 2018; (Cvd).
18. Patil SD, Amurutkar S V, Upasani CD. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Empagliflozin. Asian J Pharm Anal. 2016; 6(4):201.
19. Rahul S, Adichunchanagiri S, Nagara BG. Empagliflozin: a Review on Analytical and Bio-analytical methods 2020;11(9):4144–51.
20. Wattamwar T, Mungantiwar A, Halde S, Pandita N. Development of simultaneous determination of empagliflozin and metformin in human plasma using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and application to pharmacokinetics. Eur J Mass Spectrom. 2020;26(2):117–30.
21. Gundle M, Danao K, Shivhare R, Rokde V, Warokar A, Mahapatra D. Methodical insights into reported sophisticated analytical techniques for the determination of antidiabetic drug empagliflozin in various pharmaceutical products. 2021; 10(2320):3206–11.
22. Chinthala K, Kancherla P, Kumar P. Bioanalytical method development and validation for quantitative estimation of valsartan by LC-MS/MS in Human Plasma. Asian J Chem. 2017;29(7):1482–6.
23. Kumar AM. Title: Novel UV and Visible Spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of Empagliflozin a type 2 diabetic drug in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. J Afrikana [Internet]. 2016; 3(1):3. Available from: www.jdeafrikana.com
24. Mabrouk MM, Soliman SM, El‑Agizy HM, Mansour FR. A UPLC/DAD method for simultaneous determination of empagliflozin and three related substances in spiked human plasma. BMC Chem [Internet]. 2019; 13(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0604-9.
25. Jaiswal SH. Validated Stability Indicating Hplc Method for Determination of Process Related Impurities in Empagliflozin Drug Substances. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6(7):1025–37.
26. Mudavath S. Method Development and Validation of Empagliflozin by RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage. Int J Adv Pharm Sci. 2016;7(1):3040–2.
27. Ayoub BM, Mowaka S. LC-MS/MS determination of empagliflozin and metformin. J Chromatogr Sci. 2017; 55(7):742–7.
28. Ayoub BM. UPLC simultaneous determination of empagliflozin, linagliptin and metformin. RSC Adv. 2015; 5(116):95703–9.
29. Pathak S, Mishra P. A review on analytical methods of dapagliflozin: An updat. Int J Pharm Qual Assur. 2020;11(3):355–60.
30. Saeed MA, Narendran P. Dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review of the literature. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014; 8:2493–505.
31. Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Lacreta F, Griffen SC, Boulton DW. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose Co-transporter type 2. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53(1):17–27.
32. Chakraborty T, Joardar DS, Development M. A prospective review of Dapagliflozin for improving glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus Dapagliflozin.2020;(November).
33. Patel ND, Shah DB. A review on Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric methods for estimation of gliflozin in bulk and in different dosage forms 2015;6(4):2920–4.
34. Sanagapati M, Dhanalakshmi K, Nagarjuna Reddy G, Kavitha B. Method development and validation of dapagliflozin API by UV spectroscopy. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2014; 27(1):270–2.
35. Aubry A, Magnier R, Wang B, Arnold M, et al. Validated LC–MS/MS methods for the determination of dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor in normal and ZDF rat plasma. Bioanalysis. 2001; 2(12):2001–9.
36. Yuan L, Ji QC. Strategies for Improving Sensitivity for Targeted Quantitation by LCMS. Target Biomark Quant by LC-MS. 2017;149–70.
37. Kalyan S, Parle A. A Validated LC-MS / MS Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. 2020; 10(11):31–8.
38. Kapupara P, Shah K . Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic First Derivative Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Metformin Hydrochloride in Synthetic Mixture. J Bioequivalence Stud. 2015.
39. Omar MA, Ahmed HM, Batakoushy HA, Abdel Hamid MA. Fluorescence spectroscopy for determination of dapagliflozin in pure form and its tablets formulation; Application to content uniformity testing.Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2020; 241:118642.
40. Hassib ST, Taha EA, Elkady EF, Barakat GH. Validated Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of (Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) and Metformin in the Presence of (1-Cyanoguanidine). J Chromatogr Sci. 2019; 57(8):697–707.
41. Reddy SG, Berra. A. Quantitative, Sensitive and Rapid Validated Analytical RP-HPLC International Journal of Research in. 2020; 11(2):2543–8.
42. Rajani V, Prasad YR, Rao AL. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Saxagliptin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Pharma Rev [Internet]. 2019; 17(97):107–13. Available from: https://www.kppub.com/articles/jan2019
43. Karagiannis T, Bekiari E, Tsapas A. Canagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes : an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. 2017;1–10.
44. Hasan FM, Alsahli M, Gerich JE. SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2014; 104(3):297–322. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.02.014
45. Housheh S. Analysis of Canagliflozin, Review. World J Pharm Res. 2017; (April):306–16.
46. Bhawar MS. A Comprehensive Review on HPLC Based Analytical Methods for Quantification of Linezolid and Canagliflozin. 2022; 7(2):49–56.
47. Sha S, Polidori D, Farrell K, Ghosh A, Natarajan J, Vaccaro N, et al. Pharmacodynamic differences between canagliflozin and dapagliflozin: Results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2015; 17(2):188–97.
48. Perkovic V, Jardine M, Vijapurkar U, Meininger G. Renal effects of canagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015; 31(12):2219–31.
49. Kaushal S, Singh H, Thangaraju P, Singh J. Canagliflozin: A novel SGLT2 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Am J Med Sci. 2014; 6(3):107–13.
50. Suneetha A, Sharmila D. A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of canagliflozin in dosage form. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015; 6(5):1186–94.
51. Iqbal M, Ezzeldin E, Al-Rashood KA, Asiri YA, Rezk NL. Rapid determination of canagliflozin in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS using negative ionization mode to avoid adduct-ions formation. Talanta [Internet]. 2015; 132:29–36.
52. Gaunitz F, Kieliba T, Thevis M, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Solid-phase extraction– liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12(1):27–40.
53. Rao Gundoju N, Sadasivuni H. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Canagliflozin Hemihydrate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage forms. 2020; 9(6):1690–6.
54. Kaur I, Wakode S, Singh HP. Development and validation of a stability-indicating high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for estimation of canagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016;6(5):51–7.
55. Kumar R, Chandra A, Gupta S, Gautam PK. Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for quantitative estimation of Canagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Appl Pharm. 2017; 9(6):75–9.
56. Shah PA, Shrivastav PS, Sharma V, Yadav MS. Challenges in simultaneous extraction and chromatographic separation of metformin and three SGLT-2 inhibitors in human plasma using LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2019; 175:112790. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112790
57. Bhatt D, Rajkamal B. A Validated LC-MS/MS Method for Pharmacokinetic Study of Canagliflozin in Healthy Rabbits. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;10(2):80.
58. Alam P, Iqbal M, Foudah AI, Alqarni MH, Shakeel F. Quantitative determination of canagliflozin in human plasma samples using a validated HPTLC method and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr. 2020;34(11):1-2
59. Salama I, Khalil GA, Gomaa MS, Helal MA. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences Validated RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin and Metformin. 2018; 8(1):1–13. Available from: www.ijpcbs.com S.
2. Dattatreya A, Sarangi T. Research and Reviews : Journal of Medical and Health Sciences A Short Review on Gastrointestinal Disorders. J Med Heal Sci. 2015; 4(3):1–7.
3. R.S Satoskar, S.D Bhandarkar NR." Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics''. 2007; 20:869–84.
4. Defronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Publ Gr [Internet]. 2015;1–23. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.19
5. Kant R, Bodla RB, Kapoor G, Bhutani R. Optimization of a single HPLC-PDA method for quantifying Metformin, Gliclazide, Pioglitazone, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin and Teneligliptin using central composite design. Bioorg Chem [Internet]. 2019; 91:103111.
6. Syndrome M. A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives. 2021; 3567–602.
7. Seman L, Macha S, Nehmiz G, Simons G, Ren B, Pinnetti S, et al. Empagliflozin ( BI 10773 ), a Potent and Selective SGLT2 Inhibitor , Induces Dose ‐ Dependent Glucosuria in Healthy Subjects. 2013; 2(2):152–61.
8. Vallon V, Verma S. Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Kidney and Cardiovascular Function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2021; 83:503–28.
9. Perry RJ, Shulman GI. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: Understanding the mechanisms for therapeutic promise and persisting risks. J Biol Chem [Internet]. 2020; 295(42):14379–90.
10. Tentolouris A, Vlachakis P, Tzeravini E, Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris N. SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of their antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(16):1–27.
11. Mabrouk MM, Soliman SM, El-Agizy HM, Mansour FR. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of three gliflozins in human plasma by HPLC/DAD. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci [Internet]. 2020; 1136:121932. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121932
12. Scheen AJ. [Empagliflozin (jardiance) :nw sglt2 Cotransporter Inhibitor for treating Type 2 diabetes]. Rev Med Liege. 2015; 70(9):472–9.
13. Heise T, Jordan J, Wanner C, Heer M, Macha S, Mattheus M, et al. Acute Pharmacodynamic Effects of Empagliflozin With and Without Diuretic Agents in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Ther [Internet].:1–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.008
14. Taub ME, Ludwig-Schwellinger E, Ishiguro N, Kishimoto W, Yu H, Wagner K, et al. Sex-, species-, and tissue-specific metabolism of empagliflozin in male mouse kidney forms an unstable hemiacetal metabolite (M466/2) that degrades to 4hydroxycrotonaldehyde, a reactive and cytotoxic species. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015;28(1):103–15.
15. Heise T, Seman L, Macha S, Jones P, Marquart A, Pinnetti S, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple rising doses of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther. 2013; 4(2):331–45.
16. Fitchett D, Eynatten M Von, Mattheus M, Biomath D, Johansen OE, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. 2016; 1–12.
17. Frampton JE. Empagliflozin : A Review in Type 2 Diabetes. Drugs [Internet]. 2018; (Cvd).
18. Patil SD, Amurutkar S V, Upasani CD. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Empagliflozin. Asian J Pharm Anal. 2016; 6(4):201.
19. Rahul S, Adichunchanagiri S, Nagara BG. Empagliflozin: a Review on Analytical and Bio-analytical methods 2020;11(9):4144–51.
20. Wattamwar T, Mungantiwar A, Halde S, Pandita N. Development of simultaneous determination of empagliflozin and metformin in human plasma using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and application to pharmacokinetics. Eur J Mass Spectrom. 2020;26(2):117–30.
21. Gundle M, Danao K, Shivhare R, Rokde V, Warokar A, Mahapatra D. Methodical insights into reported sophisticated analytical techniques for the determination of antidiabetic drug empagliflozin in various pharmaceutical products. 2021; 10(2320):3206–11.
22. Chinthala K, Kancherla P, Kumar P. Bioanalytical method development and validation for quantitative estimation of valsartan by LC-MS/MS in Human Plasma. Asian J Chem. 2017;29(7):1482–6.
23. Kumar AM. Title: Novel UV and Visible Spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of Empagliflozin a type 2 diabetic drug in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. J Afrikana [Internet]. 2016; 3(1):3. Available from: www.jdeafrikana.com
24. Mabrouk MM, Soliman SM, El‑Agizy HM, Mansour FR. A UPLC/DAD method for simultaneous determination of empagliflozin and three related substances in spiked human plasma. BMC Chem [Internet]. 2019; 13(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0604-9.
25. Jaiswal SH. Validated Stability Indicating Hplc Method for Determination of Process Related Impurities in Empagliflozin Drug Substances. World J Pharm Res. 2017;6(7):1025–37.
26. Mudavath S. Method Development and Validation of Empagliflozin by RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage. Int J Adv Pharm Sci. 2016;7(1):3040–2.
27. Ayoub BM, Mowaka S. LC-MS/MS determination of empagliflozin and metformin. J Chromatogr Sci. 2017; 55(7):742–7.
28. Ayoub BM. UPLC simultaneous determination of empagliflozin, linagliptin and metformin. RSC Adv. 2015; 5(116):95703–9.
29. Pathak S, Mishra P. A review on analytical methods of dapagliflozin: An updat. Int J Pharm Qual Assur. 2020;11(3):355–60.
30. Saeed MA, Narendran P. Dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A review of the literature. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014; 8:2493–505.
31. Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Lacreta F, Griffen SC, Boulton DW. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose Co-transporter type 2. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53(1):17–27.
32. Chakraborty T, Joardar DS, Development M. A prospective review of Dapagliflozin for improving glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus Dapagliflozin.2020;(November).
33. Patel ND, Shah DB. A review on Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric methods for estimation of gliflozin in bulk and in different dosage forms 2015;6(4):2920–4.
34. Sanagapati M, Dhanalakshmi K, Nagarjuna Reddy G, Kavitha B. Method development and validation of dapagliflozin API by UV spectroscopy. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2014; 27(1):270–2.
35. Aubry A, Magnier R, Wang B, Arnold M, et al. Validated LC–MS/MS methods for the determination of dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor in normal and ZDF rat plasma. Bioanalysis. 2001; 2(12):2001–9.
36. Yuan L, Ji QC. Strategies for Improving Sensitivity for Targeted Quantitation by LCMS. Target Biomark Quant by LC-MS. 2017;149–70.
37. Kalyan S, Parle A. A Validated LC-MS / MS Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Metformin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. 2020; 10(11):31–8.
38. Kapupara P, Shah K . Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic First Derivative Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Metformin Hydrochloride in Synthetic Mixture. J Bioequivalence Stud. 2015.
39. Omar MA, Ahmed HM, Batakoushy HA, Abdel Hamid MA. Fluorescence spectroscopy for determination of dapagliflozin in pure form and its tablets formulation; Application to content uniformity testing.Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc [Internet]. 2020; 241:118642.
40. Hassib ST, Taha EA, Elkady EF, Barakat GH. Validated Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of (Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) and Metformin in the Presence of (1-Cyanoguanidine). J Chromatogr Sci. 2019; 57(8):697–707.
41. Reddy SG, Berra. A. Quantitative, Sensitive and Rapid Validated Analytical RP-HPLC International Journal of Research in. 2020; 11(2):2543–8.
42. Rajani V, Prasad YR, Rao AL. Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Saxagliptin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Pharma Rev [Internet]. 2019; 17(97):107–13. Available from: https://www.kppub.com/articles/jan2019
43. Karagiannis T, Bekiari E, Tsapas A. Canagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes : an evidence-based review of its place in therapy. 2017;1–10.
44. Hasan FM, Alsahli M, Gerich JE. SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2014; 104(3):297–322. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.02.014
45. Housheh S. Analysis of Canagliflozin, Review. World J Pharm Res. 2017; (April):306–16.
46. Bhawar MS. A Comprehensive Review on HPLC Based Analytical Methods for Quantification of Linezolid and Canagliflozin. 2022; 7(2):49–56.
47. Sha S, Polidori D, Farrell K, Ghosh A, Natarajan J, Vaccaro N, et al. Pharmacodynamic differences between canagliflozin and dapagliflozin: Results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2015; 17(2):188–97.
48. Perkovic V, Jardine M, Vijapurkar U, Meininger G. Renal effects of canagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015; 31(12):2219–31.
49. Kaushal S, Singh H, Thangaraju P, Singh J. Canagliflozin: A novel SGLT2 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Am J Med Sci. 2014; 6(3):107–13.
50. Suneetha A, Sharmila D. A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of canagliflozin in dosage form. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015; 6(5):1186–94.
51. Iqbal M, Ezzeldin E, Al-Rashood KA, Asiri YA, Rezk NL. Rapid determination of canagliflozin in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS using negative ionization mode to avoid adduct-ions formation. Talanta [Internet]. 2015; 132:29–36.
52. Gaunitz F, Kieliba T, Thevis M, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Solid-phase extraction– liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12(1):27–40.
53. Rao Gundoju N, Sadasivuni H. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Canagliflozin Hemihydrate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage forms. 2020; 9(6):1690–6.
54. Kaur I, Wakode S, Singh HP. Development and validation of a stability-indicating high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for estimation of canagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2016;6(5):51–7.
55. Kumar R, Chandra A, Gupta S, Gautam PK. Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for quantitative estimation of Canagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Appl Pharm. 2017; 9(6):75–9.
56. Shah PA, Shrivastav PS, Sharma V, Yadav MS. Challenges in simultaneous extraction and chromatographic separation of metformin and three SGLT-2 inhibitors in human plasma using LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2019; 175:112790. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112790
57. Bhatt D, Rajkamal B. A Validated LC-MS/MS Method for Pharmacokinetic Study of Canagliflozin in Healthy Rabbits. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;10(2):80.
58. Alam P, Iqbal M, Foudah AI, Alqarni MH, Shakeel F. Quantitative determination of canagliflozin in human plasma samples using a validated HPTLC method and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr. 2020;34(11):1-2
59. Salama I, Khalil GA, Gomaa MS, Helal MA. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences Validated RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin and Metformin. 2018; 8(1):1–13. Available from: www.ijpcbs.com S.
Published
2023-04-30
How to Cite
Kale, N., & Dighe, P. (2023). Review on SGLT2 Inhibitors. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 11(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i2.1214
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Section
Review Articles
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