Novel Corona Virus: Its Origin, Current Dignosis And Various Diseases Arises Due To Covid-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i5.1026Keywords:
SARS-COV-2, Positive-Stranded RNA virus, Novel Coronavirus, Epidemics, Diseases.Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 is responsible for the emergence and propagation of new coronavirus illness 2019 i.e. COVID-19, have posed a significant threat to global public health. Coronaviruses are enveloped single positive-stranded RNA viruses with the biggest viral genome (26-33kb) among the RNA viruses, belonging to the Corona viridae family.This potentially deadly virus spreads quickly from person to person. To control the epidemics of COVID-19, large-scale measures such as isolation of infected patients, social distancing, frequent washing of hands, and the usage of face masks have been implemented.In this review, we provide a brief overview of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus outbreaks,its origin, symptoms, clinical features, preventive measures, current diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. We also discuss about various diseases arises due to COVID-19 pandemic.
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References
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37. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, Tshiani Mbaya O, Proschan M, Mukadi D, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381: 2293–303.
38. T.K. Warren, R. Jordan, M.K. Lo, et al., Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys, Nature 2016; 531: 381-385.
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2. Humzah Jamshaid, Fatima Zahid, Intisar ud Din, et al. Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19. An official Journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 2020; 21: 222.
3. WHO Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 72. 2020, April 1. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200401-sitrep-72-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=3dd8971b_2 Retrieved April 5, 2020, from.
4. Humzah Jamshaid, Fatima Zahid, Intisar ud Din, et al. Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19. An official Journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 2020; 21: 222.
5. Marília Berlofa Visacri, Isabel Vitoria Figueiredo, Tacio de Mendonça Lima. Role of pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021; 17(9): 1799–1806.
6. Rohit Kumar, Anshul Chawla, Gaganpreet, Diksha. A Valuable insight to the novel deadly COVID-19: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, 2020; 12(3): 111-116.
7. Tanu Singhal. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2020; 87(4): 281–286.
8. Nurshad Ali. Elevated level of C‐reactive protein maybe an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID‐19. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020; 1–3.
9. WHO/2019-nCoV/Clinical/Radiology_imaging/2020.1
10. Bilian Yu, Xin Li2, Jin Chen, et al. Evaluation of variation in D dimer levels among COVID 19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 2020.
11. Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq and Gita Vita Soraya. Interleukin-6 as a potential biomarker of COVID-19 progression. Med Mal Infect. 2020 Jun; 50(4): 382–383.
12. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DKW, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) by real - time RT-PCR. Eurosur veillance. 2020; 25:2000045. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560- 7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045.
13. Binbin Chen, Mengli Liu, Chengzhi Huang. Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2021; 11: 129-137.
14. Humzah Jamshaid, Fatima Zahid, Intisar ud Din, et al. Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19. An official Journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 2020; 21: 222.
15. Administration USFD. Xpert® Xpress SARS-CoV-2. http://www.fda.gov/media/136314/download (2020). Accessed 4 April 2020: 1-26.
16. Deepak Garg. Valliappan Muthu. Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, et al. Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM), Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature. Mycopathologia, 2021; 186(4): 289–298.
17. Arushi Pandey, Gurkiran Kaur. Mucormycosis revisited: Case report with review of literature. Journal of Dental Specialities, 2020; 8(1): 39–44.
18. Richardson M. The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposureexternal icon. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Oct; 15 Suppl 5:2-9.
19. Al-Ajam, MR, Bizri, AR, Mokhbat, J, Weedon, J, Lutwick, L. Mucormycosis in the Eastern Mediterranean: a seasonal diseaseexternal icon. Epidemiol Infect. 2006 Apr 134(2):341-6.
20. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, et al. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic.Lancet. 2020; 395(10237):1607.
21. Cirks BT, Rowe SJ, Jiang SY, et al. Sixteen Weeks Later: Expanding the Risk Period for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021; 10(5):686.
22. Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(4):334.
23. Ahmed M, Advani S, Moreira A, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 26: 100527.
24. Carter MJ, Fish M, Jennings A, Doores KJ, et al. Peripheral immunophenotypes in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2020; 26(11):1701.
25. Roy B1, Roy H2. The Delta Plus variant of COVID-19: Will it be the worst nightmare in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2021; 8(1): 1-2.
26. Ravindra B. Malabadi Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, et al. Outbreak of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant (B.1.617.2) and Delta Plus (AY. 1) with fungal infections, Mucormycosis: Herbal medicine treatment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI). 2021; 8(6): 59-70.
27. M.J. Vincent, E. Bergeron, S. Benjannet, et al., Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread, Virol. J. 2005; 2: 69.
28. James M. Sanders, Marguerite L. Monogue, Tomasz Z. Jodlowski, et al. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review. The journal of American Medical Association, 2020; 323(18): 1824-1836.
29. Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3: 722–7.
30. Chloroquine [database online]. Hudson, OH: Lexicomp Inc; 2016. Accessed March 17, 2020. http://online.lexi.com
31. Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Jama. 2020; 323: 1824–36.
32. Yao TT, Qian JD, Zhu WY, Wang Y, Wang GQ. A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus-A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option. J Med Virol. 2020.
33. Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006; 3(9): 343
34. Altınbas S, Holmes JA, Altınbas A. Hepatitis C virus infection in pregnancy: an update. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2020; 43(1): 12-21.
35. Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, Garner LV, Watkins SP, Carter LJ, et al. Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. ACS Publications; 2020.
36. Z. Zhu, Z. Lu, T. Xu, et al., Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19, J. Infect. 2020; 81: 21-23.
37. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, Tshiani Mbaya O, Proschan M, Mukadi D, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381: 2293–303.
38. T.K. Warren, R. Jordan, M.K. Lo, et al., Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys, Nature 2016; 531: 381-385.
39. Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Homoud AH, Memish ZA. Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis. Published online March 5, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101615
40. W. Yin, C. Mao, X. Luan, et al., Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir, Science 2020; 368: 1499-1504.
41. Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2017; 93(7): 449-463.
42. Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 107512.
43. Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.03.17.20037432.
44. Herold T, Jurinovic V, Arnreich C, Hellmuth JC, von BergweltBaildon M, Klein M, et al. Level of IL-6 predicts respiratory failure in hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. 2020.
45. Registry CCT. Favipiravir combined with tocilizumab in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)-a multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. 2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/ showprojen.aspx?proj=051126.
46. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/
47. Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4): 398-400.
48. L. Chen, J. Xiong, L. Bao, et al., Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19, Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020; 20: 398-400.
49. K. Duan, B. Liu, C. Li, et al., Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020; 117: 9490-9496.
50. Administration USFD. Investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma - emergency INDs. http://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds (2020). Accessed 4 April 2020.
51. Coronavirus Outbreak. Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Accessed 23 Feb 2020.
52. Zhi-Peng Yan, Ming Yang and Ching-Lung Lai. COVID-19 Vaccines: A Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Current Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 406.
53. Ritchie, H.; Beltekian, D.; Mathieu, E.; Hasell, J.; et al. Statistics and Research: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. 2021. Available o
Published
2021-10-15
How to Cite
B, G. M., & R, S. R. (2021). Novel Corona Virus: Its Origin, Current Dignosis And Various Diseases Arises Due To Covid-19. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 9(5), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i5.1026
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